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Optical toys form a group of devices with some entertainment value combined with a scientific, optical nature. Many of these were also known as "philosophical toys" when they were developed in the 19th century. Other, larger devices - such as peep shows - were usually exhibited by travelling showmen at fairs. Several philosophical toys were developed through scientific experimentation, then turned into scientific amusements that demonstrated new ideas and theories in the fields of optics, physics, electricity, mechanics, etc. and ended up as toys for children.

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  • Optical toys (en)
  • Joguines òptiques (ca)
  • Jouet optique (fr)
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  • Les joguines òptiques són els diferents aparells simuladors del moviment creats a partir del fenomen de la persistència visual. Aquest concepte de la percepció del moviment va aparèixer el 1824, quan el metge anglès Peter Mark Roget va plantejar el principi de la persistència retiniana, segons el qual l'ull (o la retina) té la capacitat de guardar l'última imatge que li arriba, el que fa que un objecte sigui percebut fins i tot quan ja no hi és. Amb una fracció de segon, l'estímul lluminós és gravat a la retina, això proporciona visió del moviment i la sensació de continuïtat. Segons la tesi de Roget, podem percebre la continuïtat de 24 imatges per segon. (ca)
  • Optical toys form a group of devices with some entertainment value combined with a scientific, optical nature. Many of these were also known as "philosophical toys" when they were developed in the 19th century. Other, larger devices - such as peep shows - were usually exhibited by travelling showmen at fairs. Several philosophical toys were developed through scientific experimentation, then turned into scientific amusements that demonstrated new ideas and theories in the fields of optics, physics, electricity, mechanics, etc. and ended up as toys for children. (en)
  • Le jouet optique est un objet qui utilise l'illusion optique. Manipulable, il crée l'illusion du mouvement ou du relief. C'est au XIXe siècle que se sont développées les créations de jouets, parallèlement aux découvertes scientifiques, notamment la persistance rétinienne. Ainsi, de nombreuses techniques ont été mises au point pour appliquer cette théorie. Des brevets d'inventions ont été déposés et les objets commercialisés, pour le plaisir des yeux. On retrouve aujourd'hui ces jouets dans la démarche pédagogique car ils associent l'apprentissage d'un savoir à une activité ludique. (fr)
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  • Les joguines òptiques són els diferents aparells simuladors del moviment creats a partir del fenomen de la persistència visual. Aquest concepte de la percepció del moviment va aparèixer el 1824, quan el metge anglès Peter Mark Roget va plantejar el principi de la persistència retiniana, segons el qual l'ull (o la retina) té la capacitat de guardar l'última imatge que li arriba, el que fa que un objecte sigui percebut fins i tot quan ja no hi és. Amb una fracció de segon, l'estímul lluminós és gravat a la retina, això proporciona visió del moviment i la sensació de continuïtat. Segons la tesi de Roget, podem percebre la continuïtat de 24 imatges per segon. (ca)
  • Optical toys form a group of devices with some entertainment value combined with a scientific, optical nature. Many of these were also known as "philosophical toys" when they were developed in the 19th century. People must have experimented with optical phenomena since prehistoric times and played with objects that influenced the experience of light, color and shadow. In the 16th century some experimental optical entertainment - for instance camera obscura demonstrations - were part of the cabinets of curiosities that emerged at royal courts. Since the 17th century optical tabletop instruments such as the compound microscope and telescope were used for parlour entertainment in richer households . Other, larger devices - such as peep shows - were usually exhibited by travelling showmen at fairs. The phenakistiscope, zoetrope, praxinoscope and flip book a.o. are often seen as precursors of film, leading to the invention of cinema at the end of the 19th century. In the 21st century this narrow teleological vision was questioned and the individual qualities of these media gained renewed attention of researchers in the fields of the history of film, science, technology and art. The new digital media raised questions about our knowledge of media history. The tactile qualities of optical toys that allow viewers to study and play with the moving image in their own hands, seem more attractive in a time when digitalisation makes the moving image less tangible. Several philosophical toys were developed through scientific experimentation, then turned into scientific amusements that demonstrated new ideas and theories in the fields of optics, physics, electricity, mechanics, etc. and ended up as toys for children. (en)
  • Le jouet optique est un objet qui utilise l'illusion optique. Manipulable, il crée l'illusion du mouvement ou du relief. C'est au XIXe siècle que se sont développées les créations de jouets, parallèlement aux découvertes scientifiques, notamment la persistance rétinienne. Ainsi, de nombreuses techniques ont été mises au point pour appliquer cette théorie. Des brevets d'inventions ont été déposés et les objets commercialisés, pour le plaisir des yeux. Ces inventions sont tout de même un peu plus que de simples jouets, elles font partie intégrante de la période du précinéma : de la création du cinéma. Ce dernier étant leur aboutissement. On retrouve aujourd'hui ces jouets dans la démarche pédagogique car ils associent l'apprentissage d'un savoir à une activité ludique. (fr)
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