A reform school was a penal institution, generally for teenagers mainly operating between 1830 and 1900. In the United Kingdom and its colonies reformatories commonly called reform schools were set up from 1854 onwards for youngsters who were convicted of a crime as an alternative to an adult prison. In parallel, "Industrial schools" were set up for vagrants and children needing protection. Both were 'certified' by the government from 1857, and in 1932 the systems merged and both were 'approved' and became approved schools.
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| - مدرسة إصلاحية (ar)
- Reform school (en)
- Opvoedingsgesticht (nl)
- 工读学校 (zh)
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| - كان مصطلح المدرسة الإصلاحية في الولايات المتحدة يُستخدم لتعريف، بشكل ملطف إلى حد ما، ما كان غالبًا يُعد سجنًا للـصبية، والمراهقين عمومًا. (ar)
- 工讀學校係中華人民共和國在大陸地區設置的一類特殊教育學校。根據中華人民共和國官方的定義，工讀學校是「對有違法和輕微犯罪的中學生進行特殊教育的學校」。工讀學校的管理比中華人民共和國的同級學校要嚴格，學生平時住校，週末回家。學制一般爲兩年。這種學校原來屬於「半工半讀」的性質，但目前已經普遍不要求學生進行勞動。在1999年之前，學校報當地公安部門，或公安部門報當地教育部門同意後即可將相關學生送入工讀學校，但自1999年《中華人民共和國預防未成年人犯罪法》實施後，在家長（或監護人）、學校，以及公安局三方面同意之後，才可以將相關學生送入工讀學校。 雖然相關法律規定工讀學校的學生在畢業後「不應受歧視」，但實際上中華人民共和國的社會普遍對工讀學校的學生存在偏見甚至歧視。雖然官方認爲「工讀學校發揮了巨大作用」，但亦有文章對工讀學校的矯正效果提出了質疑。大多數工讀學校目前都面臨招生困難、校外延伸教育欠缺等困局。 近年來，因爲多種因素，中華人民共和國的工讀學校數量銳減。截至2009年，中華人民共和國還有72所工讀學校。 (zh)
- A reform school was a penal institution, generally for teenagers mainly operating between 1830 and 1900. In the United Kingdom and its colonies reformatories commonly called reform schools were set up from 1854 onwards for youngsters who were convicted of a crime as an alternative to an adult prison. In parallel, "Industrial schools" were set up for vagrants and children needing protection. Both were 'certified' by the government from 1857, and in 1932 the systems merged and both were 'approved' and became approved schools. (en)
- Een opvoedingsgesticht was een instelling voor de opvang en begeleiding van arme, verwaarloosde of ouderloze kinderen, dan wel voor arme en of dakloze volwassenen. De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse opvoedingsgestichten gaat terug tot de armenzorg in de Middeleeuwen. Het initiatief tot de instelling werd meestal genomen door de kerken of kloosters, maar ook door de stedelijke overheid als middel om de overlast van daklozen tegen te gaan. (nl)
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| - كان مصطلح المدرسة الإصلاحية في الولايات المتحدة يُستخدم لتعريف، بشكل ملطف إلى حد ما، ما كان غالبًا يُعد سجنًا للـصبية، والمراهقين عمومًا. (ar)
- A reform school was a penal institution, generally for teenagers mainly operating between 1830 and 1900. In the United Kingdom and its colonies reformatories commonly called reform schools were set up from 1854 onwards for youngsters who were convicted of a crime as an alternative to an adult prison. In parallel, "Industrial schools" were set up for vagrants and children needing protection. Both were 'certified' by the government from 1857, and in 1932 the systems merged and both were 'approved' and became approved schools. Both in the United Kingdom and United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration, and vagrancy following industrialization, as well as from a shift in society's attitude from retribution, punishing the miscreant to reforming. They were distinct from borstals (1902-1982 UK), which were enclosed juvenile prisons. (en)
- Een opvoedingsgesticht was een instelling voor de opvang en begeleiding van arme, verwaarloosde of ouderloze kinderen, dan wel voor arme en of dakloze volwassenen. De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse opvoedingsgestichten gaat terug tot de armenzorg in de Middeleeuwen. Het initiatief tot de instelling werd meestal genomen door de kerken of kloosters, maar ook door de stedelijke overheid als middel om de overlast van daklozen tegen te gaan. Er ontstonden afzonderlijke katholieke en protestantse opvoedingsgestichten voor jongens, meisjes en volwassenen. Er waren er honderden. Met de invoering van de kinderwetten in december 1905 ontstonden daarbij ook rijksopvoedingsgestichten. Opvoedingsgestichten waren niet in eerste instantie bedoeld voor kinderen die een delict hadden begaan en daarvoor bestraft moesten worden. Daarvoor was het zogenoemde rasphuis of tuchthuis. Een tussenvorm waren de in de 19e eeuw ingestelde Huizen van Verbetering en Opvoeding. Die waren bedoeld voor jongens onder de zestien jaar die te jong werden geacht voor gevangenisstraf, maar wel in een speciaal verbeterhuis moesten worden opgevoed. Ze werden daar dan langere tijd geplaatst, meestal tot het twintigste levensjaar. (nl)
- 工讀學校係中華人民共和國在大陸地區設置的一類特殊教育學校。根據中華人民共和國官方的定義，工讀學校是「對有違法和輕微犯罪的中學生進行特殊教育的學校」。工讀學校的管理比中華人民共和國的同級學校要嚴格，學生平時住校，週末回家。學制一般爲兩年。這種學校原來屬於「半工半讀」的性質，但目前已經普遍不要求學生進行勞動。在1999年之前，學校報當地公安部門，或公安部門報當地教育部門同意後即可將相關學生送入工讀學校，但自1999年《中華人民共和國預防未成年人犯罪法》實施後，在家長（或監護人）、學校，以及公安局三方面同意之後，才可以將相關學生送入工讀學校。 雖然相關法律規定工讀學校的學生在畢業後「不應受歧視」，但實際上中華人民共和國的社會普遍對工讀學校的學生存在偏見甚至歧視。雖然官方認爲「工讀學校發揮了巨大作用」，但亦有文章對工讀學校的矯正效果提出了質疑。大多數工讀學校目前都面臨招生困難、校外延伸教育欠缺等困局。 近年來，因爲多種因素，中華人民共和國的工讀學校數量銳減。截至2009年，中華人民共和國還有72所工讀學校。 (zh)
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