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A dynamical billiard is a dynamical system in which a particle alternates between free motion (typically as a straight line) and specular reflections from a boundary. When the particle hits the boundary it reflects from it without loss of speed (i.e. elastic collisions). Billiards are Hamiltonian idealizations of the game of billiards, but where the region contained by the boundary can have shapes other than rectangular and even be multidimensional. Dynamical billiards may also be studied on non-Euclidean geometries; indeed, the first studies of billiards established their ergodic motion on surfaces of constant negative curvature. The study of billiards which are kept out of a region, rather than being kept in a region, is known as outer billiard theory.

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  • البلياردو الديناميكي (ar)
  • Dynamisches Billard (de)
  • Billar dinámico (es)
  • Dynamical billiards (en)
  • Billard (mathématiques) (fr)
  • Biliar dinamis (in)
  • Bilhar dinâmico (pt)
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  • البلياردو الديناميكي نظام ديناميكي يتناوب فيه الجسيم بين الحركة الحرة والانعكاسات المنتظمة من إحدى الحدود. وعندما يصطدم الجسيم بالحد فإنه ينعكس منه بدون فقدان السرعة. (ar)
  • Dynamisches Billard wird ein dynamisches System genannt, welches die Bewegung eines Massenpunktes beschreibt, der sich kräftefrei in einem Gebiet mit stückweise glattem Rand bewegt und an den Rändern des Gebietes elastisch reflektiert wird. Bei einer elastischen Reflexion bzw. einem elastischem Stoß an einem festen Gegenstand bleiben Energie, Impuls und Geschwindigkeit des Teilchens erhalten und der Einfallswinkel ist gleich dem Ausfallswinkel. Es ist daher ein Hamiltonsches System. (de)
  • A dynamical billiard is a dynamical system in which a particle alternates between free motion (typically as a straight line) and specular reflections from a boundary. When the particle hits the boundary it reflects from it without loss of speed (i.e. elastic collisions). Billiards are Hamiltonian idealizations of the game of billiards, but where the region contained by the boundary can have shapes other than rectangular and even be multidimensional. Dynamical billiards may also be studied on non-Euclidean geometries; indeed, the first studies of billiards established their ergodic motion on surfaces of constant negative curvature. The study of billiards which are kept out of a region, rather than being kept in a region, is known as outer billiard theory. (en)
  • Un billar dinámico es un sistema dinámico en el cual una partícula alterna entre movimiento rectilíneo y reflexiones especulares en un contorno o frontera. Cuando la partícula impacta contra el contorno se refleja en él sin pérdida de su velocidad. Los sistemas de billares dinámicos son idealizaciones hamiltonianas de los juegos de billar, pero donde la región contenida por el contorno puede tener formas distintas de la rectangular y aún poseer numerosas dimensiones. Los billares dinámicos también se pueden estudiar en geometrías no euclidianas; en efecto los primeros estudios de los billares establecieron su movimiento ergódico sobre superficies de curvatura negativa constante. El estudio de los billares que se ubican por fuera de una región, en lugar de estar contenidos dentro de una reg (es)
  • Un billard mathématique est un système dynamique dans lequel une particule alterne des mouvements libres sur une surface et des rebonds sur une paroi, sans perte de vitesse. L'angle de rebond est identique à l'angle d'incidence au moment de choc. Ces systèmes dynamiques sont des idéalisations hamiltoniennes du jeu de billard, mais où le domaine encadré par la frontière peut avoir d'autres formes qu'un rectangle et même être multidimensionnel. Les billards dynamiques peuvent aussi être étudiés sur des géométries non euclidiennes. De fait, les toutes premières études de billards établissaient leur mouvement ergodique sur des surfaces de courbure négative constante. L'étude de billards où la particule évolue à l'extérieur — et non à intérieur — d'une zone donnée s'appelle la théorie du billar (fr)
  • Um bilhar dinâmico é um sistema dinâmico no qual uma partícula alterna entre movimentos rectilínios e reflexões especulares num contorno ou fronteira. Quando a partícula impacta contra o contorno se reflexa na perdida de sua velocidade. Os sistemas de bilhares dinâmicos são idealizações dos jogos de bilhar, mas onde a região contida pelo contorno pode ter formas distintas da retangular e ainda que possua numerosas dimensões. O hamiltoniano de uma partícula de massa "m" que se descoloca em forma livre sem fricção sobre uma superfície é: (pt)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Magnetic_sinai_billiard.png
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sinai_animation.gif
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stadium_billiard.gif
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