. . "Elite theory"@en . . "Robert Alan Dahl (Inwood, 17 dicembre 1915 \u2013 Hamden, 5 febbraio 2014) \u00E8 stato un politologo statunitense di origine norvegese."@it . . . . . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl (17 de diciembre de 1915 - 5 de febrero de 2014)\u200B fue profesor de ciencia pol\u00EDtica en la Universidad de Yale, presidente de la Asociaci\u00F3n Americana de Ciencia Pol\u00EDtica (American Political Science Association) y uno de los m\u00E1s destacados polit\u00F3logos estadounidenses contempor\u00E1neos."@es . . . . . . . . ""@en . ""@en . "\uB85C\uBC84\uD2B8 \uC568\uB7F0 \uB2EC"@ko . . . . "25048"^^ . "\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u062F\u0627\u0644 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Robert Alan Dahl )\u200F (\u0648. 1915 \u2013 2014 \u0645) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064A\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060C \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0644\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0625\u0646\u0648\u0648\u062F\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062A\u0648\u0641\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0627\u0645\u062F\u0646\u060C \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064A\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 99 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064B."@ar . . "Robert Dahl"@nl . . "Mary Louise Bartlett"@en . ""@en . . "Ann Sale"@en . . . . "Robert Dahl"@en . . "Robert Alan Dahl"@it . . . . . "Edward Tufte"@en . "L\u00E9on Duguit"@en . "\u0414\u0430\u043B\u044C, \u0420\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442"@ru . . "Nelson Polsby"@en . . "Robert Alan Dahl"@de . . . "1915-12-17"^^ . . . . . . "Ray Wolfinger"@en . . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl"@ca . . . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl"@es . "\u0420\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0410\u043B\u0430\u043D \u0414\u0430\u043B\u044C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Robert Alan Dahl, 17 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u044F 1915 \u2014 5 \u043B\u044E\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E 2014 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443) \u2014 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u043B\u044E\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0457, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0435\u0441\u043E\u0440 \u0404\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u043D\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043B\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456\u0457 \u042E\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0428\u044E\u0442\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0445 (1995)."@uk . "\u52DE\u52C3\u00B7\u827E\u502B\u00B7\u9053\u723E\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ARobert Alan Dahl\uFF1B1915\u5E7412\u670817\u65E5\uFF0D2014\u5E742\u67085\u65E5\uFF09 \u662F\u7F8E\u570B\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u5BB6\uFF0C\u7576\u4EE3\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u5DE8\u64D8\u3001\u6C11\u4E3B\u7406\u8AD6\u5927\u5E2B\uFF0C\u8036\u9B6F\u5927\u5B78\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u69AE\u8B7D\u8B1B\u5EA7\u6559\u6388\uFF0C\u524D\u7F8E\u570B\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u6703\u4E3B\u5E2D\uFF0C1998\u5E74\u69AE\u7372\u54C8\u4F5B\u5927\u5B78\u69AE\u8B7D\u6CD5\u5B78\u535A\u58EB\u3002\u9053\u723E\u4E00\u751F\u7814\u7A76\u6C11\u4E3B\uFF0C\u65E9\u57281940\u5E74\u3001\u5E74\u50C525\u6B72\u5373\u81EA\u8036\u9B6F\u5927\u5B78\u7372\u5F97\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u535A\u58EB\uFF0C\u5E74\u8F15\u6642\u5C31\u8E8B\u8EAB\u653F\u6CBB\u754C\u6CF0\u6597\uFF0C\u81EA\u6210\u4E00\u5BB6\u4E4B\u8A00\uFF0C\u6210\u70BA\u5168\u7403\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u754C\u516C\u8A8D\u7684\u300C\u6C11\u4E3B\u7406\u8AD6\u5927\u5E2B\u300D\u3002\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u8005\u767D\u9C81\u6042\u66FE\u8A55\u50F9\uFF1A\u300C\u9053\u723E\u8AC7\u8AD6\u6C11\u4E3B\u6642\uFF0C\u4EBA\u4EBA\u90FD\u61C9\u8A72\u6D17\u8033\u8046\u807D\u3002\u300D\u8457\u4F5C\u300A\u6C11\u4E3B\u53CA\u5176\u6279\u5224\u300B\u88AB\u8B7D\u70BA\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u7D93\u5178\uFF0C\u662F\u9053\u723E\u7562\u751F\u7684\u6559\u5B78\u8207\u7814\u7A76\u7D50\u6676\uFF0C\u300A\u300B\u5247\u88AB\u7A31\u70BA\u300C\u4E00\u4F4D\u6C11\u4E3B\u4FE1\u4EF0\u8005\u7684\u6700\u5F8C\u8D08\u8A00\u300D\u3001\u4E00\u672C\u300C\u6C11\u4E3B\u6307\u5357\u300D\u3002"@zh . . . . . "1124895309"^^ . "\u7F85\u4F2F\u00B7\u9053\u723E"@zh . . "\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u062F\u0627\u0644"@ar . . "Catharine MacKinnon"@en . . . . . . . "\u30ED\u30D0\u30FC\u30C8\u30FB\u30A2\u30E9\u30F3\u30FB\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E: Robert Alan Dahl\u30011915\u5E7412\u670817\u65E5 - 2014\u5E742\u67085\u65E5 \uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306E\u653F\u6CBB\u5B66\u8005\u3002\u30A4\u30A7\u30FC\u30EB\u5927\u5B66\u540D\u8A89\u6559\u6388\uFF08\u30B9\u30BF\u30FC\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u8A18\u5FF5\u5BC4\u4ED8\u8B1B\u5EA7\u6559\u6388\u53F7\uFF09\u3002"@ja . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl (/d\u0251\u02D0l/; December 17, 1915 \u2013 February 5, 2014) was an American political theorist and Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University. He established the pluralist theory of democracy\u2014in which political outcomes are enacted through competitive, if unequal, interest groups\u2014and introduced \"polyarchy\" as a descriptor of actual democratic governance. An originator of \"empirical theory\" and known for advancing behavioralist characterizations of political power, Dahl's research focused on the nature of decision making in actual institutions, such as American cities. He is the most important scholar associated with the pluralist approach to describing and understanding both city and national power structures. In addition to his work on the descriptive theory of democracy, he was long occupied with the formulation of the constituent elements of democracy considered as a theoretical but realizable ideal. By virtue of the cogency, clarity, and veracity of his portrayal of some of the key characteristics of realizable-ideal democracy, as well as his descriptive analysis of the dynamics of modern pluralist-democracy, he is considered one of the greatest theorists of democracy in history."@en . . . "Robert Alan Dahl"@fr . . . . . . "James Coleman"@en . . . "Robert Alan Dahl (ur. 17 grudnia 1915 w Inwood, zm. 6 lutego 2014) \u2013 ameryka\u0144ski politolog, socjolog i profesor. W latach 1964\u20131986 by\u0142 profesorem Uniwersytetu Yale\u2019a (w New Haven). Wywiera\u0142 znaczny wp\u0142yw na nauki polityczne swoim empirycznymi badaniami nad dystrybucj\u0105 w\u0142adzy w spo\u0142eczno\u015Bci lokalnej i koncepcjami teoretycznymi, dotycz\u0105cymi zw\u0142aszcza demokracji i pluralizmu."@pl . . . . "\u30ED\u30D0\u30FC\u30C8\u30FB\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB"@ja . . "Carl Hempel"@en . "Robert Alan Dahl (Inwood, 17 dicembre 1915 \u2013 Hamden, 5 febbraio 2014) \u00E8 stato un politologo statunitense di origine norvegese."@it . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl (Inwood, 17 de dezembro de 1915 \u2013 Hamden, 5 de fevereiro de 2014) foi um cientista pol\u00EDtico norte-americano. Considerado o fundador da escola behaviorista em ci\u00EAncia pol\u00EDtica e formulador do conceito de \"poliarquia\". Lecionou na Universidade Yale, por 40 anos, at\u00E9 se tornar professor em\u00E9rito."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl, n\u00E9 \u00E0 Inwood (Iowa) le 17 d\u00E9cembre 1915, et mort le 5 f\u00E9vrier 2014 \u00E0 98 ans, est un professeur \u00E9m\u00E9rite de science politique \u00E0 l'Universit\u00E9 Yale et ancien pr\u00E9sident de l'American Political Science Association. Dans son \u0153uvre majeure parue en 1961, Who Governs? (Qui gouverne ?), il \u00E9tudie les structures formelles et informelles du pouvoir dans la ville de New Haven (Connecticut)."@fr . . . "Robert Alan Dahl (* 17. Dezember 1915 in ; \u2020 5. Februar 2014 in Hamden) war ein US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler."@de . . "Guillermo O'Donnell"@en . . "Robert Alan Dahl (Inwood (Iowa), 17 december 1915 \u2013 Hamden, 5 februari 2014) was een Amerikaanse hoogleraar politieke wetenschappen aan de Yale-universiteit. Hij heeft in de jaren zestig van de twintigste eeuw een politicologische discussie gehad met C. Wright Mills betreffende de wijze waarop de macht in de Verenigde Staten verdeeld is."@nl . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl (17. prosince 1915 \u2013 5. \u00FAnora 2014) byl americk\u00FD emeritn\u00ED profesor politologie na Yaleov\u011B univerzit\u011B. Zab\u00FDval se zejm\u00E9na probl\u00E9my demokracie, politick\u00E9 participace a opozice. Byl stoupencem n\u00E1zoru, \u017Ee moc v demokraci\u00EDch je rozpt\u00FDlen\u00E1 a nekoncentruje se v rukou jedin\u00E9 elity, ale mnoha elit. V demokracii vid\u011Bl dilema mezi participac\u00ED ob\u010Dan\u016F na rozhodov\u00E1n\u00ED a efektivnost\u00ED politick\u00E9ho syst\u00E9mu. Je tv\u016Frcem pojmu polyarchie \u2014 co\u017E je pro n\u011Bj v\u00FDraz skute\u010Dn\u00E9 demokracie \u2014 v demokracii vid\u011Bl nedosa\u017Eiteln\u00FD ide\u00E1l."@cs . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl, f\u00F6dd 17 december 1915 i Inwood, Iowa, d\u00F6d 5 februari 2014 i Hamden, Connecticut, var en amerikansk statsvetare, professor vid Yale University. Dahl hamnade i centrum f\u00F6r den statsvetenskapliga debatten och i polemik med bland annat sociologen C. Wright Mills efter publiceringen 1961 av sitt banbrytande verk Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city, d\u00E4r han kartl\u00E4gger vem som har den egentliga makten i New Haven. Dahl anser sig visa att det inte finns en urskiljbar elit utan att makten ligger hos flera olika, ibland i samarbete och ibland i strid med varandra (j\u00E4mf\u00F6r polyarki och elitteori). \u00C4ven om Dahls ursprungliga text idag m\u00F6ter flera inv\u00E4ndningar om att ha missat flera faktorer (bland annat k\u00F6nsstrukturer) har verket fortfarande en viktig plats inom statsvetenskapen och Dahl har blivit en nyckelfigur f\u00F6r den realistiska skolan inom statsvetenskapen. Dahls syn p\u00E5 den moderna demokratin \u00E4r delvis en forts\u00E4ttning p\u00E5 Max Webers tankar. Till Dahls senare verk m\u00E4rks How Democratic Is the American Constitution? med ett mer pessimistiskt syns\u00E4tt. Dahl har \u00E4ven haft stort inflytande i den normativa demokratiteoretiska debatten och kan anses som en av pluralismens (den pluralistiska demokratins) fr\u00E4msta f\u00F6respr\u00E5kare. Dahls demokratidefinition betonar vikten av politisk j\u00E4mlikhet och tar del i debatten kring demokratisk inklusion. Dahl h\u00E4rstammade fr\u00E5n norska immigranter. Han tilldelades Skytteanska priset 1995."@sv . . . "Robert A. Dahl"@cs . . . "Inwood, Iowa, U.S."@en . . "Robert Alan Dahl (Inwood, 17 de desembre de 1915 - , Connecticut, EUA, 5 de febrer de 2014) fou un polit\u00F2leg estatunidenc, professor em\u00E8rit de Ci\u00E8ncies pol\u00EDtiques a la Universitat Yale. Va ser president de l'Associaci\u00F3 Americana de Ci\u00E8ncia Pol\u00EDtica (American Political Science Association). Va ser descrit com \u00ABel deg\u00E0 dels polit\u00F2legs estatunidencs\u00BB."@ca . . . . "\uB85C\uBC84\uD2B8 \uC568\uB7F0 \uB2EC(Robert Alan Dahl, 1915\uB144 12\uC6D4 17\uC77C ~ 2014\uB144 2\uC6D4 5\uC77C)\uC740 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uD559\uC790\uC774\uC790 \uC608\uC77C \uB300\uD559\uAD50 \uBA85\uC608\uAD50\uC218\uC774\uBA70 \uC2A4\uD138\uB9C1 \uAD50\uC218\uC774\uB2E4. 1940\uB144 \uC608\uC77C \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0\uC11C \uC815\uCE58\uD559 \uBC15\uC0AC \uD559\uC704\uB97C \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC804 \uD68C\uC7A5\uC774\uBA70 \uBA85\uC608\uD68C\uC6D0\uC774\uB2E4. 1998\uB144\uC5D0\uB294 \uD558\uBC84\uB4DC \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0\uC11C \uBA85\uC608\uBC95\uD559\uBC15\uC0AC \uD559\uC704\uB97C \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uBBFC\uC8FC\uC8FC\uC758 \uAD00\uB828 \uC774\uB860\uC5D0 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uAE30\uC5EC\uB97C \uD558\uC600\uB2E4."@ko . . . "\u30ED\u30D0\u30FC\u30C8\u30FB\u30A2\u30E9\u30F3\u30FB\u30C0\u30FC\u30EB\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E: Robert Alan Dahl\u30011915\u5E7412\u670817\u65E5 - 2014\u5E742\u67085\u65E5 \uFF09\u306F\u3001\u30A2\u30E1\u30EA\u30AB\u5408\u8846\u56FD\u306E\u653F\u6CBB\u5B66\u8005\u3002\u30A4\u30A7\u30FC\u30EB\u5927\u5B66\u540D\u8A89\u6559\u6388\uFF08\u30B9\u30BF\u30FC\u30EA\u30F3\u30B0\u8A18\u5FF5\u5BC4\u4ED8\u8B1B\u5EA7\u6559\u6388\u53F7\uFF09\u3002"@ja . "\u0420\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0410\u043B\u0430\u043D \u0414\u0430\u043B\u044C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Robert Alan Dahl; 17 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044F 1915 \u2014 5 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044F 2014) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u044E\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043E\u0440 \u0419\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0439 \u043B\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u042E\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0428\u044E\u0442\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0445 (1995). \u0427\u043B\u0435\u043D \u041D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A \u0421\u0428\u0410 (1972)."@ru . "\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0631 \u062F\u0627\u0644 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062C\u0644\u064A\u0632\u064A\u0629: Robert Alan Dahl )\u200F (\u0648. 1915 \u2013 2014 \u0645) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u064A\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064A\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060C \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060C \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0644\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0625\u0646\u0648\u0648\u062F\u060C \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064B\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0645\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064A\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062A\u0648\u0641\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0647\u0627\u0645\u062F\u0646\u060C \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064A\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 99 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064B."@ar . "Socialist Programs and Democratic Politics: An Analysis"@en . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl"@en . . "Hamden, Connecticut, U.S."@en . "Robert Alan Dahl (17. prosince 1915 \u2013 5. \u00FAnora 2014) byl americk\u00FD emeritn\u00ED profesor politologie na Yaleov\u011B univerzit\u011B. Zab\u00FDval se zejm\u00E9na probl\u00E9my demokracie, politick\u00E9 participace a opozice. Byl stoupencem n\u00E1zoru, \u017Ee moc v demokraci\u00EDch je rozpt\u00FDlen\u00E1 a nekoncentruje se v rukou jedin\u00E9 elity, ale mnoha elit. V demokracii vid\u011Bl dilema mezi participac\u00ED ob\u010Dan\u016F na rozhodov\u00E1n\u00ED a efektivnost\u00ED politick\u00E9ho syst\u00E9mu. Je tv\u016Frcem pojmu polyarchie \u2014 co\u017E je pro n\u011Bj v\u00FDraz skute\u010Dn\u00E9 demokracie \u2014 v demokracii vid\u011Bl nedosa\u017Eiteln\u00FD ide\u00E1l."@cs . "Robert Alan Dahl, n\u00E9 \u00E0 Inwood (Iowa) le 17 d\u00E9cembre 1915, et mort le 5 f\u00E9vrier 2014 \u00E0 98 ans, est un professeur \u00E9m\u00E9rite de science politique \u00E0 l'Universit\u00E9 Yale et ancien pr\u00E9sident de l'American Political Science Association. Dans les ann\u00E9es 1960, il participe \u00E0 la controverse avec C. Wright Mills sur la nature de la politique aux \u00C9tats-Unis. Critiquant les th\u00E9ories marxistes et \u00E9litistes auxquelles il reproche entre autres de confondre contr\u00F4le potentiel et contr\u00F4le effectif, Dahl s'affirme comme repr\u00E9sentant de la d\u00E9mocratie pluraliste, introduisant ainsi le concept de la polyarchie avec Charles E. Lindblom. Dans son \u0153uvre majeure parue en 1961, Who Governs? (Qui gouverne ?), il \u00E9tudie les structures formelles et informelles du pouvoir dans la ville de New Haven (Connecticut). La pens\u00E9e de Robert A. Dahl a cependant \u00E9volu\u00E9 au cours du temps. L'auteur accorde \u00E0 partir des ann\u00E9es 70 une plus grande place \u00E0 la participation politique et \u00E0 la d\u00E9mocratie d\u00E9lib\u00E9rative. C'est dans son ouvrage Democracy and its critics (1989) qu'il va pr\u00E9senter une nouvelle th\u00E9orie de sa d\u00E9mocratie polyarchale. Ces derni\u00E8res ann\u00E9es, l'\u0153uvre de Dahl prend un ton plus pessimiste. Dans How Democratic Is the American Constitution ? (2003), il expose par exemple son point de vue selon lequel la Constitution am\u00E9ricaine est moins d\u00E9mocratique qu'on ne le pense."@fr . . "Robert Dahl"@pl . . . . . . "\u0420\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0414\u0430\u043B\u044C"@uk . . . "Robert Alan Dahl (17 de diciembre de 1915 - 5 de febrero de 2014)\u200B fue profesor de ciencia pol\u00EDtica en la Universidad de Yale, presidente de la Asociaci\u00F3n Americana de Ciencia Pol\u00EDtica (American Political Science Association) y uno de los m\u00E1s destacados polit\u00F3logos estadounidenses contempor\u00E1neos. En los a\u00F1os sesenta del siglo XX, mantuvo una pol\u00E9mica con Charles Wright Mills sobre la funci\u00F3n de los grupos de poder en la toma de decisiones dentro de la pol\u00EDtica de los Estados Unidos. Mientras Mills defend\u00EDa la tesis de que las decisiones en Estados Unidos son tomadas por una \u00E9lite reducida, Dahl opina que existe una pluralidad de grupos que compiten entre s\u00ED, limitan las acciones de los otros y cooperan para beneficio mutuo. Dahl dec\u00EDa que si esto no es una verdadera democracia, en el sentido populista, es al menos, un tipo de poliarqu\u00EDa. En los \u00FAltimos a\u00F1os, los textos de Dahl han adquirido un tono m\u00E1s pesimista sobre el funcionamiento de la democracia en nuestras sociedades. En How Democratic is the American Constitution? (2002) postula que la constituci\u00F3n es mucho menos democr\u00E1tica de lo que deber\u00EDa, ya que poco o nada se podr\u00EDa hacer en caso de una ruptura constitucional que ni prev\u00E9 ni desea."@es . . . "2014-02-05"^^ . . . "Ian Shapiro"@en . . . . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl (Inwood, 17 de desembre de 1915 - , Connecticut, EUA, 5 de febrer de 2014) fou un polit\u00F2leg estatunidenc, professor em\u00E8rit de Ci\u00E8ncies pol\u00EDtiques a la Universitat Yale. Va ser president de l'Associaci\u00F3 Americana de Ci\u00E8ncia Pol\u00EDtica (American Political Science Association). Va ser descrit com \u00ABel deg\u00E0 dels polit\u00F2legs estatunidencs\u00BB. En els anys seixanta del segle xx, va mantenir una pol\u00E8mica amb Charles Wright Mills sobre la funci\u00F3 dels grups de poder a la presa de decisions dins de la Pol\u00EDtica dels Estats Units. Mentre Mills defensava la tesi que les decisions als Estats Units s\u00F3n preses per una elit redu\u00EFda, Dahl opina que existeix una pluralitat de grups que competeixen entre si, limiten les accions dels altres i cooperen per a benefici mutu. Dahl deia que si aix\u00F2 no \u00E9s una verdadera democr\u00E0cia, en el sentit populista, \u00E9s almenys, un tipus de poliarquia. En els \u00FAltims anys, els texts de Dahl van adquirir un to m\u00E9s pessimista sobre el funcionament de la democr\u00E0cia en les nostres societats. A How Democratic is the American Constitution? (2002) postul\u00E0 que la constituci\u00F3 \u00E9s molt menys democr\u00E0tica del que deuria, ja que poc o res es podria fer en cas d'una ruptura constitucional que ni preveu ni desitja."@ca . . . "Kenneth Arrow"@en . . . . . "Robert Alan Dahl (ur. 17 grudnia 1915 w Inwood, zm. 6 lutego 2014) \u2013 ameryka\u0144ski politolog, socjolog i profesor. W latach 1964\u20131986 by\u0142 profesorem Uniwersytetu Yale\u2019a (w New Haven). Wywiera\u0142 znaczny wp\u0142yw na nauki polityczne swoim empirycznymi badaniami nad dystrybucj\u0105 w\u0142adzy w spo\u0142eczno\u015Bci lokalnej i koncepcjami teoretycznymi, dotycz\u0105cymi zw\u0142aszcza demokracji i pluralizmu."@pl . "Robert A. Dahl"@sv . . . . . . "5"^^ . . . . . "\u0420\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0410\u043B\u0430\u043D \u0414\u0430\u043B\u044C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Robert Alan Dahl; 17 \u0434\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044F 1915 \u2014 5 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043B\u044F 2014) \u2014 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043F\u043B\u044E\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043E\u0440 \u0419\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044B\u0439 \u043B\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u042E\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0428\u044E\u0442\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0445 (1995). \u0427\u043B\u0435\u043D \u041D\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u043A\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A \u0421\u0428\u0410 (1972)."@ru . "\uB85C\uBC84\uD2B8 \uC568\uB7F0 \uB2EC(Robert Alan Dahl, 1915\uB144 12\uC6D4 17\uC77C ~ 2014\uB144 2\uC6D4 5\uC77C)\uC740 \uBBF8\uAD6D\uC758 \uC815\uCE58\uD559\uC790\uC774\uC790 \uC608\uC77C \uB300\uD559\uAD50 \uBA85\uC608\uAD50\uC218\uC774\uBA70 \uC2A4\uD138\uB9C1 \uAD50\uC218\uC774\uB2E4. 1940\uB144 \uC608\uC77C \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0\uC11C \uC815\uCE58\uD559 \uBC15\uC0AC \uD559\uC704\uB97C \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uC804 \uD68C\uC7A5\uC774\uBA70 \uBA85\uC608\uD68C\uC6D0\uC774\uB2E4. 1998\uB144\uC5D0\uB294 \uD558\uBC84\uB4DC \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0\uC11C \uBA85\uC608\uBC95\uD559\uBC15\uC0AC \uD559\uC704\uB97C \uBC1B\uC558\uB2E4. \uADF8\uB294 \uBBFC\uC8FC\uC8FC\uC758 \uAD00\uB828 \uC774\uB860\uC5D0 \uC911\uC694\uD55C \uAE30\uC5EC\uB97C \uD558\uC600\uB2E4."@ko . "Robert Alan Dahl (/d\u0251\u02D0l/; December 17, 1915 \u2013 February 5, 2014) was an American political theorist and Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University. He established the pluralist theory of democracy\u2014in which political outcomes are enacted through competitive, if unequal, interest groups\u2014and introduced \"polyarchy\" as a descriptor of actual democratic governance. An originator of \"empirical theory\" and known for advancing behavioralist characterizations of political power, Dahl's research focused on the nature of decision making in actual institutions, such as American cities. He is the most important scholar associated with the pluralist approach to describing and understanding both city and national power structures."@en . . "Robert Dahl"@pt . . . . . "\u52DE\u52C3\u00B7\u827E\u502B\u00B7\u9053\u723E\uFF08\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ARobert Alan Dahl\uFF1B1915\u5E7412\u670817\u65E5\uFF0D2014\u5E742\u67085\u65E5\uFF09 \u662F\u7F8E\u570B\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u5BB6\uFF0C\u7576\u4EE3\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u5DE8\u64D8\u3001\u6C11\u4E3B\u7406\u8AD6\u5927\u5E2B\uFF0C\u8036\u9B6F\u5927\u5B78\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u69AE\u8B7D\u8B1B\u5EA7\u6559\u6388\uFF0C\u524D\u7F8E\u570B\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u6703\u4E3B\u5E2D\uFF0C1998\u5E74\u69AE\u7372\u54C8\u4F5B\u5927\u5B78\u69AE\u8B7D\u6CD5\u5B78\u535A\u58EB\u3002\u9053\u723E\u4E00\u751F\u7814\u7A76\u6C11\u4E3B\uFF0C\u65E9\u57281940\u5E74\u3001\u5E74\u50C525\u6B72\u5373\u81EA\u8036\u9B6F\u5927\u5B78\u7372\u5F97\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u535A\u58EB\uFF0C\u5E74\u8F15\u6642\u5C31\u8E8B\u8EAB\u653F\u6CBB\u754C\u6CF0\u6597\uFF0C\u81EA\u6210\u4E00\u5BB6\u4E4B\u8A00\uFF0C\u6210\u70BA\u5168\u7403\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u754C\u516C\u8A8D\u7684\u300C\u6C11\u4E3B\u7406\u8AD6\u5927\u5E2B\u300D\u3002\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u8005\u767D\u9C81\u6042\u66FE\u8A55\u50F9\uFF1A\u300C\u9053\u723E\u8AC7\u8AD6\u6C11\u4E3B\u6642\uFF0C\u4EBA\u4EBA\u90FD\u61C9\u8A72\u6D17\u8033\u8046\u807D\u3002\u300D\u8457\u4F5C\u300A\u6C11\u4E3B\u53CA\u5176\u6279\u5224\u300B\u88AB\u8B7D\u70BA\u653F\u6CBB\u5B78\u7D93\u5178\uFF0C\u662F\u9053\u723E\u7562\u751F\u7684\u6559\u5B78\u8207\u7814\u7A76\u7D50\u6676\uFF0C\u300A\u300B\u5247\u88AB\u7A31\u70BA\u300C\u4E00\u4F4D\u6C11\u4E3B\u4FE1\u4EF0\u8005\u7684\u6700\u5F8C\u8D08\u8A00\u300D\u3001\u4E00\u672C\u300C\u6C11\u4E3B\u6307\u5357\u300D\u3002"@zh . "Dahl teaching a political science class at Yale University"@en . "James Fishkin"@en . "Robert Alan Dahl (Inwood, 17 de dezembro de 1915 \u2013 Hamden, 5 de fevereiro de 2014) foi um cientista pol\u00EDtico norte-americano. Considerado o fundador da escola behaviorista em ci\u00EAncia pol\u00EDtica e formulador do conceito de \"poliarquia\". Lecionou na Universidade Yale, por 40 anos, at\u00E9 se tornar professor em\u00E9rito. Dahl foi membro da Academia Nacional de Ci\u00EAncias dos EUA, da Sociedade Filos\u00F3fica Americana e da Academia Americana de Artes e Ci\u00EAncias, membro correspondente da Academia Brit\u00E2nica, membro honor\u00E1rio da Sociedade de Manuscritos e ex-presidente da . Tamb\u00E9m recebeu o t\u00EDtulo de doutorado honor\u00E1rio em Direito (LL.D) pela Universidade de Harvard. Foi membro do Guggenheim, em 1950 e 1978, e membro do Centro de Estudos Avan\u00E7ados em Ci\u00EAncias Comportamentais, em 1955-1956 e 1967. Em 1995, recebeu o Pr\u00EAmio Johan Skytte de Ci\u00EAncia Pol\u00EDtica. Nos anos 1960, Dahl envolveu-se em uma pol\u00EAmica com C. Wright Mills a respeito da natureza da pol\u00EDtica nos Estados Unidos, que se tornou um momento decisivo do desenvolvimento da ci\u00EAncia pol\u00EDtica norte-americana. Mills sustentava que os governos dos Estados Unidos eram controlados por uma elite de poder unit\u00E1ria e demograficamente restrita. Dahl respondeu afirmando a exist\u00EAncia de muitas elites diferentes, as quais t\u00EAm de operar em situa\u00E7\u00F5es tanto de conflito quanto de compromisso entre si. E \u00E9 isso, Dahl assevera, que constitui a democracia ou, pelo menos, a poliarquia \u2013 conceito formulado posteriormente por ele para se referir ao ordenamento institucional que prev\u00EA a forma\u00E7\u00E3o de governos atrav\u00E9s de elei\u00E7\u00F5es realizadas em contextos competitivos e inclusivos, ainda que n\u00E3o se alcancem os ideais mais exigentes de soberania popular, freq\u00FCentemente associados ao conceito de democracia."@pt . "723243"^^ . "Robert Alan Dahl (Inwood (Iowa), 17 december 1915 \u2013 Hamden, 5 februari 2014) was een Amerikaanse hoogleraar politieke wetenschappen aan de Yale-universiteit. Hij heeft in de jaren zestig van de twintigste eeuw een politicologische discussie gehad met C. Wright Mills betreffende de wijze waarop de macht in de Verenigde Staten verdeeld is. Mills zag hierin een rol weggelegd voor het elitisme, hetgeen betekent dat de Amerikaanse regering onder invloed staat van een selecte groep mensen met machtsinvloed, de elite. Dahl reageerde hierop met de stelling dat er veel verschillende elites zijn die invloed uitoefenen en dat deze elites met elkaar concurreren en compromissen sluiten. Dit standpunt van Dahl staat ook wel bekend als het pluralisme. Het bekendste werk van Dahl is het boek uit 1961 waarin hij de bestuurslaag van New Haven bestudeert en hiermee zijn stelling probeert aan te tonen. Enkele conclusies in dit boek zijn dat de macht is gespreid over verschillende groepen en dat er geen sprake is van een gelijkheid van burgers, maar dat de maatschappij georganiseerd is in verspreide ongelijkheden. In Democracy and Its Critics (1989) signaleert Dahl de voortdurende neiging van de \"weldenkende\" elite om de wil van het \"onkundige volk\" te overrulen. Sinds het enkelvoudig algemeen kiesrecht een gegeven is doet ze dat, door de gekozenen en hun regering onder de voogdij van niet-gekozenen, zoals rechters, te plaatsen. De democratie maakt zo plaats voor ."@nl . "Robert Alan Dahl, f\u00F6dd 17 december 1915 i Inwood, Iowa, d\u00F6d 5 februari 2014 i Hamden, Connecticut, var en amerikansk statsvetare, professor vid Yale University. Dahl hamnade i centrum f\u00F6r den statsvetenskapliga debatten och i polemik med bland annat sociologen C. Wright Mills efter publiceringen 1961 av sitt banbrytande verk Who governs? Democracy and power in an American city, d\u00E4r han kartl\u00E4gger vem som har den egentliga makten i New Haven. Dahl anser sig visa att det inte finns en urskiljbar elit utan att makten ligger hos flera olika, ibland i samarbete och ibland i strid med varandra (j\u00E4mf\u00F6r polyarki och elitteori)."@sv . . "\u0420\u043E\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u0410\u043B\u0430\u043D \u0414\u0430\u043B\u044C (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Robert Alan Dahl, 17 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043D\u044F 1915 \u2014 5 \u043B\u044E\u0442\u043E\u0433\u043E 2014 \u0440\u043E\u043A\u0443) \u2014 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u043C\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043C\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0433, \u043E\u0434\u0438\u043D \u0437 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043E\u043F\u043E\u043B\u043E\u0436\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432 \u043A\u043E\u043D\u0446\u0435\u043F\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043F\u043B\u044E\u0440\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0457, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0435\u0441\u043E\u0440 \u0404\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0443\u043D\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443, \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043B\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0456\u0457 \u042E\u0445\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0428\u044E\u0442\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u0430\u0445 (1995)."@uk . . "Robert Alan Dahl (* 17. Dezember 1915 in ; \u2020 5. Februar 2014 in Hamden) war ein US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler."@de . . . . . . "1915-12-17"^^ . . . .