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Tchang Kaï-chek Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek 장제스 Chiang Kai-shek Чан Кайші Chiang Kai-shek Czang Kaj-szek شيانج كاي شيك Τσιανγκ Κάι Σεκ Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek Ĉiang Kai-ŝek 蔣介石 Čankajšek 蔣中正 Chiang Kai-shek Чан Кайши Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek
rdfs:comment
شيانج كاي شيك أو تشانغ كاي شيك (بالصينية 蔣中正 أو 蔣介石، بالإنجليزية Chiang Kai-shek) ولد في 31 أكتوبر 1887 وتوفي في 5 أبريل 1975 قائد سياسي وعسكري صيني تولى رئاسة حزب الكومنتانج الوطني بعد وفاة صن يات سين عام 1925 وقاد الحكومة الوطنية لجمهورية الصين من عام 1928 لعام 1975 وقاد (حملة الشمال) لتوحيد الصين ضد أمراء الحرب والتي أدت لأن يصبح رئيس جمهورية الصين عام 1928. Chiang Kai-shek (xinès tradicional: 蔣介石, xinès simplificat: 蒋介石, pinyin: Jiǎng Jièshí) fou un militar i estadista xinès. Va succeir Sun Yat-sen com a líder del Partit Nacionalista Xinès Guomindang, i fou el líder màxim, sota diversos càrrecs, de la República de la Xina establerta a Nanjing el 1927. Després de la derrota dels nacionalistes enfront dels comunistes el 1949, es va refugiar amb el seu govern a l'illa de Taiwan, única província xinesa que mai cauria sota el control comunista. Chiang Kai-shek va governar Taiwan de forma autoritària 47 anys, des del 1949 fins a la seva mort el 1975, quan va ser succeït pel seu fill Chiang Ching-kuo. Ha estat una de les persones que més temps ha governat un estat excloent Ο Τσιανγκ Κάι-Σεκ (蔣中正, πραγματικό όνομα Τσιανγκ Τσον-Τσεν, 31 Οκτωβρίου 1887 - 5 Απριλίου 1975) ήταν Κινέζος πολιτικός ο οποίος γεννήθηκε στο Νιγκ Πο της Κίνας στις 31 Οκτωβρίου 1887. Διατέλεσε Πρόεδρος της Κίνας από το 1928 έως το 1948 και Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας της Κίνας (Ταϊβάν) έως το 1975. Όταν ο Σον Γιατ-Σεν πέθανε, το 1925 ο Τσιανγκ αναδείχθηκε σε ηγέτη του επαναστατικού κινήματος. Χάρη στις μεγάλες του οργανωτικές ικανότητες κατάφερε να δημιουργήσει μία σύγχρονη και ευέλικτη στρατιά. Πέθανε στην Ταϊβάν στις 5 Απριλίου 1975. Chiang Kai-shek oder Tschiang Kai-schek (chinesisch 蔣介石 / 蒋介石, Pinyin Jiǎng Jièshí, W.-G. Chiang Chieh-Shih, Zhuyin ㄐㄧㄤˇ ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄕˊ, kantonesisch Chiang Kai-shek, Pe̍h-ōe-jī Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k; * 31. Oktober 1887 als 蔣中正 / 蒋中正, Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng, Chiang Chung-cheng, Zhuyin ㄐㄧㄤˇ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄓㄥˋ, Pe̍h-ōe-jī ChiúⁿTiong-chìng; in , Landkreis Fenghua, Provinz Zhejiang, kaiserliches Qing-China; † 5. April 1975 in Taipeh) war ein chinesischer Militär und Politiker in der Zeit nach der Xinhai-Revolution (1911) und ab 1925 Führer der Kuomintang. Als solcher war er im Chinesischen Bürgerkrieg (1927–1949) der Gegenspieler Mao Zedongs und bis zur Machtübernahme der Kommunisten auf dem chinesischen Festland im Chinesischen Bürgerkrieg der führende Politiker Chinas. In dieser Zeit war er mehrfach Präsident sowie als Ma Chiang Kai-shek ( /ˈtʃæŋ kaɪˈʃɛk,_dʒiˈɑːŋ/; 3 de outubro de 1887 – 5 de abril de 1975), também conhecido como Generalíssimo Chiang ou Chiang Chungcheng, romanizado como Chiang Chieh-shih ou Jiang Jieshi, foi um político e militar chinês que serviu como Presidente da República da China, de forma intermitente, de 1928 e 1949, e depois de Taiwan de 1950 a 1975. Ele foi reconhecido como legítimo governante de toda a China até 1971, período em que as Nações Unidas passaram a Resolução 2 758. 장제스(중국어 정체자: 蔣介石, 간체자: 蒋介石, 병음: Jiǎng Jièshí, 한자음: 장개석, 1887년 10월 31일~1975년 4월 5일) 또는 창카이섹(광둥어: Zoeng Gaai-Sek, 영어: Chiang Kai-shek)은 중화민국의 군인, 정치·군사 지도자이자, 중화민국 국민정부의 제2, 4대 총통 및 국부천대 이후 제1~5대 총통(1925년 ~ 1975년)이었다. 제스는 자(字)이며 흔히 불린다. 본명은 장중정(중국어 정체자: 蔣中正, 간체자: 蒋中正, 병음: Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng, 한자음: 장중정). 아명은 루이위안(瑞元), 족보명은 저우타이(周泰), 학명은 즈칭(志淸)으로 종교는 감리교이며, 황푸군관학교 교장, 국민혁명군사령관, 중화민국 국민정부 주석, 중화민국 행정원장, 국민정부군사위원회위원장, 중국국민당 총재, 삼민주의 청년단 단장 등을 역임하였다. 蔣中正（1887年10月31日－1975年4月5日），字介石，籍貫浙江寧波奉化，出生於溪口鎮。譜名周泰，初名瑞元，學名志清，1918年投奔孙中山后改名蒋中正。歷任黃埔軍校校長、國民革命軍總司令、國民政府主席、行政院長、國民政府軍事委員會委員長。也歷任中華民國國民政府第2、4任主席，中華民國行憲後1-5任總統。又曾任中國國民黨中央執行委員會常務委員會代理主席、中國國民黨第1-6任總裁。是繼《中日馬關條約》締約之後至今，擔任第二次世界大戰中國戰區的最高統帥。唯一同時統治過中國大陸以及台灣省的中國最高領導人。 蔣中正在北伐之後，創立中華民國國民政府，張學良改旗易幟後長期擔任中華民國最高領導人。其后率領中華民國對日作戰最終取得勝利，二次世界大戰勝利之後蔣中正輸掉中國內戰離開中國大陸，逃往中華民國台灣省，後長期擔任中華民國台澎金馬地區最高領導人，其子蔣經國在其死後又擔任了中華民國施行1946年憲法後第6、7任中華民國總統，其玄孫蔣萬安曾擔任中華民國第9、10屆立法院立法委員，現任台北市市長。 Chiang Kai-shek (jiaxiang: Jiangsu 江苏, Yixing 宜兴) (Fenghua, 31 oktober 1887 – Taipei, 5 april 1975), ook gespeld als Tsjang Kai-Sjek (Kantonese uitspraak) of Jiang Jieshi (Mandarijnse uitspraak), was een Chinees nationalistisch politicus. Hij was afkomstig uit de gezeten burgerij. Hij sloot zich aan bij de Revolutionaire Liga van Sun Yat-sen, die in 1911 werd omgedoopt tot Kwomintang (in het Westen dikwijls afgekort als KMT). Bhí Chiang Kai-shek (leagan Cantainise) nó Jiang Jieshi (leagan Mandairínise), a rugadh i ar an 31 Deireadh Fómhair 1887 agus a cailleadh i Taipei, an Téaváin, ar an 5 Aibreán 1975, ina cheannaire idir pholaitiúil agus mhíleata sa tSín i rith na fichiú haoise. Chuaigh sé le polaitíocht i bPáirtí Náisiúnta na Síne, nó Guomindang, agus é ag comhoibriú go dlúth le Sun Yat-sen, "athair na tíre dúchais". Tá oidhreacht Chiang ina cnámh spairne idir na Téavánaigh inniu. Tá cuid mhaith daoine buíoch beannachtach as an seasamh dobhogtha a ghlac sé in aghaidh an Chumannachais. Chiang Kai-shek (Ningpo, Txe-Kiang, 1887ko urriaren 31 – Taipeh, 1975eko apirilaren 5) Txinako militar, politikaria eta estatuburua izan zen. Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to his death in 1975 – until 1949 in mainland China and from then on in Taiwan. After his rule was confined to Taiwan following his defeat by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War, he continued to head the ROC government in exile. Chiang Kai Shek (Hanzi: 蔣介石, Pinyin: Jiang Jieshi, 31 Oktober 1887 – 5 April 1975) adalah seorang pemimpin militer Tiongkok abad ke-20. Ia juga dikenal dengan nama Jiang Zhongzheng (蒋中正) di Taiwan. Chiang juga salah satu petinggi di Partai Kuomintang (KMT) sebagai Komandan Akademi Militer Whampoa yang pertama, yang didirikan oleh Partai Kuomintang atas inisiatif Sun untuk mencapai tujuan revolusi. Ia juga menggantikan Sun Yat Sen menjadi pemimpin KMT ketika Sun meninggal pada tahun 1925. Pada tahun 1926, Chiang memimpin Ekspedisi Utara untuk mempersatukan Tiongkok yang pada masa itu sedang terpecah oleh pemimpin perang yang berkuasa di daerah setelah runtuhnya Dinasti Qing. Dia menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Militer Nasional pemerintahan Nasionalis Republik Tiongkok (Republik Tiongkok/Taiwan Čankajšek (čínsky v českém přepisu Ťiang Ťie-š’, pchin-jinem Jiǎng​ Jiè​shí, znaky zjednodušené 蒋介石, tradiční 蔣介石; 31. října 1887, Si-kchou, asi 180 km jižně od Šanghaje – 5. dubna 1975, Tchaj-pej, Tchaj-wan), byl čínský voják a nacionalistický politik, vůdce Národní strany (Kuomintang, KMT) a prezident Čínské republiky. Pocházel ze zámožné obchodnické rodiny, studoval na japonské vojenské akademii a zúčastnil se sinchajské revoluce, která roku 1912 nastolila první Čínskou republiku. Jako úspěšný velitel a energický až bezohledný vůdce se snažil vybudovat silný čínský stát, nezávislý na velmocích. 蔣 介石（蒋 介石、しょう かいせき、チャン・チェシー、1887年10月31日 - 1975年4月5日）は、中華民国の政治家、軍人。第3代・第5代国民政府主席、初代中華民国総統、中国国民党永久総裁。国民革命軍・中華民国国軍における最終階級は特級上将（大元帥に相当）。浙江省寧波府奉化県出身。日本や中華人民共和国では蔣介石の呼び名で知られているが、中華民国（台湾）では蔣中正（しょう ちゅうせい）の名称が一般的である。 孫文の後継者として北伐を完遂し、中華民国の統一を果たして同国の最高指導者となる。第二次世界大戦では同国を四大国の一角にさせ、連合国中国戦区最高統帥だった。しかし、戦後の国共内戦で毛沢東率いる中国共産党に敗れて1949年に台湾へ移り、1975年に死去するまで大陸支配を回復することなく同国の国家元首の地位にあった。 Чан Кайші (кит. 蔣介石, пін. Jiǎng Jièshí, Цзян Цзєши; 31 жовтня 1887 — 5 квітня 1975) — військовий і політичний діяч Китаю, що очолив Гоміньдан 1925 року після смерті Сунь Ятсена; президент Китайської Республіки, маршал і генералісимус. Chiang Kai-shek o Jiang Jieshi (蔣介石T, Jiǎng JièshíP) (Xikou, 31 ottobre 1887 – Taipei, 5 aprile 1975) è stato un generale e politico cinese. Nel 1925, dopo la morte di Sun Yat-sen, assunse la guida del Kuomintang (KMT, 國民黨). Comandò la spedizione del Nord per riunificare la Cina contro i signori della guerra del governo Beiyang e nel 1928 emerse vincitore come leader del governo nazionalista della Repubblica di Cina. Chiang guidò la Cina durante la seconda guerra sino-giapponese, nella quale la sua influenza all'interno della Cina si indebolì, ma la sua rilevanza internazionale crebbe, divenendo uno dei quattro grandi capi alleati. Chiang Kai-shek o Jiang Jieshi (en chino tradicional, 蔣介石; en chino simplificado, 蒋介石; pinyin, Jiǎng Jièshí; Wade-Giles, Chiang Chieh-Shih; pe̍h-ōe-jī, Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k; grafías alternativas: 蔣中正T, 蒋中正S, Jiǎng ZhōngzhèngP, Chiang Chung-chengW, ChiúⁿTiong-chìngPOJ; , 31 de octubre de 1887-Taipéi, 5 de abril de 1975) fue un militar, estadista y dictador chino. Sucedió a Sun Yat-sen como líder del Partido Nacionalista Chino Kuomintang y fue el líder máximo, bajo diversos cargos, de la República de China fundada en Nankín en 1927. Tras la derrota de los nacionalistas frente a los comunistas en 1949, se refugió con su gobierno en la isla de Taiwán. Ĉiang Kai-ŝek aŭ Ĉan Kajŝek aŭ Ĝiang Ĝieŝi (naskita la 31-an de oktobro 1887; mortinta la 5-an de aprilo 1975), oficiale konata kiel Jiăng Zhōngzhèng (蔣中正), ĉina milita kaj politika estro, iĝis ĉefo de la Kuomintango post la morto de Sun Jatsen en 1925. Li komandis la por unuigi Ĉinion kontraŭ la militestroj kaj eliĝis venke en 1928 kiel ĉefo de la Respubliko de Ĉinio. Jiǎng kondukis Ĉinion dum la milito por rezisti la japanojn, dum kiu la staturo de Jiǎng en Ĉinio malfortigis sed lia internacia eminenteco kreskis kiel unu el la "Kvar grandaj" estroj aliancitaj. Ĉiang provis eradiki la ĉinajn komunistojn sed malsukcesis, pro kio lia registraro devis retreti al Tajvano, kie li servis kiel prezidento de la Respubliko de Ĉinio dum la cetero de sia vivo. Чан Кайши́ (англ. Chiang Kai-shek, кит. трад. 蔣介石, упр. 蒋介石, пиньинь Jiǎng Jièshí, палл. Цзян Цзеши; 31 октября 1887, , провинция Чжэцзян, Китайская империя Цин — 5 апреля 1975, Тайбэй, Тайвань) — военный и политический деятель Китая, возглавивший партию Гоминьдан в 1925 году после смерти Сунь Ятсена; президент Китайской Республики (1950—1975), маршал и генералиссимус Китайской Республики. Китайский националист. Czang Kaj-szek (ur. 31 października 1887 w Xikou, zm. 5 kwietnia 1975 w Tajpej) – chiński polityk i wojskowy, wieloletni przywódca Kuomintangu po śmierci Sun Jat-sena w 1925 roku. Od 1928 roku jako generalissimus faktyczny przywódca Republiki Chińskiej, w latach 1928–1931 i 1943–1948 także przewodniczący Rządu Narodowego. Od 1948 do 1949 roku i od 1950 aż do śmierci prezydent kraju. Po przegranej z komunistami wojnie domowej w 1949 roku ewakuował się wraz ze zwolennikami na Tajwan. Tchang Kaï-chek, ou Chiang Kaï-Shek, ou Chang Kaï-chek ou Jiang Jieshi (chinois traditionnel : 蔣介石 ; chinois simplifié : 蒋介石 ; cantonais Jyutping : Zoeng2 Gaai3-sek6, /tsːŋ kāːi.sɛ̀ːk̚/, pinyin : Jiǎng Jièshí, /tɕjàŋ tɕjê.ʂ/,), né le 31 octobre 1887 à Ching Yang Shui dans le district de Fenghua et mort le 5 avril 1975 à Taipei, est un militaire et homme d'État chinois qui fut l'un des principaux représentants du Kuomintang après la mort de Sun Yat-sen en 1925. Chiang Kai-shek (uttal på mandarin:  (info)) eller Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng, född 31 oktober 1887 i Xikou, Zhejiang, död 5 april 1975 i Taipei, Republiken Kina, var en nationalistisk kinesisk militär och politiker. Han var Kinas ledare från 1927 till inbördeskrigets slut 1949 och var allmänt känd under sin titel generalissimus.
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1909
dbp:vicepresident
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n19:Chiang_Kai-shek（蔣中正）.jpg?width=300
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dbr:Kuomintang dbr:Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_China) dbr:President_of_the_Republic_of_China dbr:List_of_leaders_of_the_Kuomintang
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dbp:signature
Chiang Kaishek Signature.svg
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Himself dbr:Bai_Chongxi dbr:Chiang_Ching-kuo
dbp:almaMater
dbr:Tokyo_Shinbu_Gakko dbr:Baoding_Military_Academy
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dbr:Sino-Tibetan_War dbr:Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency dbr:Xinhai_Revolution dbr:Second_Sino-Japanese_War dbr:Chinese_Civil_War dbr:Northern_Expedition dbr:Kumul_Rebellion dbr:Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang
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Himself
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1887-10-31
dbp:birthName
Chiang Jui-yüan
dbp:c
王采玉 小名 "介于石" 大名 志清
dbp:caption
Official portrait, 1943
dbp:children
dbr:Chiang_Wei-kuo dbr:Chiang_Ching-kuo
dbp:date
2015-06-26 2011-06-24 2021-03-09 2015-05-05 2020-10-29 2020-07-28 2012-08-06
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1975-04-05
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dbr:Generalissimo
dbp:l
"[he who is] firm as a rock"
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no
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dbr:Taiwan
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zh-hant
dbp:nickname
"Napoleon Bonaparte of China" "Generalissimo" "Red General"
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dbr:Chairman_of_the_National_Government_of_China
dbp:order
Director-General of the Acting Premier of the Republic of China dbr:President_of_the_Republic_of_China Chairman of the Military Affairs Commission dbr:Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China dbr:List_of_leaders_of_the_Kuomintang
dbp:p
Jiǎng Ruìyuán Jiǎng Jièshí
dbp:party
dbr:Kuomintang
dbp:predecessor
Position established
dbp:premier
dbp:president
Himself
dbp:rank
Generalissimo
dbp:spouse
1927-12-01 1921 1927 1913 1901 dbr:Yao_Yecheng dbr:Chen_Jieru dbr:Soong_Mei-ling dbr:Mao_Fumei
dbp:successor
and Himself as Director-General of the Kuomintang Position abolished
dbp:t
軍聲 蔣肇聰 蔣周泰 蔣介石 蔣瑞元
dbp:termEnd
1946-05-31 1945-05-31 1938-01-01 1938-04-01 0001-08-01 1931-12-15 1927-03-11 1947-04-18 1949-01-21 1975-04-05 1948-05-20
dbp:termStart
1938-04-01 1931-12-15 1930-12-04 1947-03-01 1936-05-12 1950-03-01 1948-05-20 1935-12-09 1939-11-20 1928-10-10 1943-10-10 1926-07-06
dbp:title
Commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy Commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army dbr:Kuomintang dbr:Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China dbr:List_of_leaders_of_the_Kuomintang dbr:President_of_the_Republic_of_China Chairman of the National Military Council Chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China
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dbp:w
Chi-ch‘ing Chiang3 Chou1-t‘ai4 Chiang3 Chieh4-shih2
dbp:years
Li Zongren 0001-01-21 1926 1924 1925 1930 1928 1935 1932 1938 1939 1936 1943 1947 1948
dbp:hp
Jiǎng Zhōutài
dbo:abstract
蔣中正（1887年10月31日－1975年4月5日），字介石，籍貫浙江寧波奉化，出生於溪口鎮。譜名周泰，初名瑞元，學名志清，1918年投奔孙中山后改名蒋中正。歷任黃埔軍校校長、國民革命軍總司令、國民政府主席、行政院長、國民政府軍事委員會委員長。也歷任中華民國國民政府第2、4任主席，中華民國行憲後1-5任總統。又曾任中國國民黨中央執行委員會常務委員會代理主席、中國國民黨第1-6任總裁。是繼《中日馬關條約》締約之後至今，擔任第二次世界大戰中國戰區的最高統帥。唯一同時統治過中國大陸以及台灣省的中國最高領導人。 蔣中正在北伐之後，創立中華民國國民政府，張學良改旗易幟後長期擔任中華民國最高領導人。其后率領中華民國對日作戰最終取得勝利，二次世界大戰勝利之後蔣中正輸掉中國內戰離開中國大陸，逃往中華民國台灣省，後長期擔任中華民國台澎金馬地區最高領導人，其子蔣經國在其死後又擔任了中華民國施行1946年憲法後第6、7任中華民國總統，其玄孫蔣萬安曾擔任中華民國第9、10屆立法院立法委員，現任台北市市長。 Czang Kaj-szek (ur. 31 października 1887 w Xikou, zm. 5 kwietnia 1975 w Tajpej) – chiński polityk i wojskowy, wieloletni przywódca Kuomintangu po śmierci Sun Jat-sena w 1925 roku. Od 1928 roku jako generalissimus faktyczny przywódca Republiki Chińskiej, w latach 1928–1931 i 1943–1948 także przewodniczący Rządu Narodowego. Od 1948 do 1949 roku i od 1950 aż do śmierci prezydent kraju. Po przegranej z komunistami wojnie domowej w 1949 roku ewakuował się wraz ze zwolennikami na Tajwan. Chiang Kai-shek ( /ˈtʃæŋ kaɪˈʃɛk,_dʒiˈɑːŋ/; 3 de outubro de 1887 – 5 de abril de 1975), também conhecido como Generalíssimo Chiang ou Chiang Chungcheng, romanizado como Chiang Chieh-shih ou Jiang Jieshi, foi um político e militar chinês que serviu como Presidente da República da China, de forma intermitente, de 1928 e 1949, e depois de Taiwan de 1950 a 1975. Ele foi reconhecido como legítimo governante de toda a China até 1971, período em que as Nações Unidas passaram a Resolução 2 758. Chiang foi um influente membro do movimento Kuomintang (KMT), o Partido Nacionalista Chinês, além de um grande aliado de Sun Yat-sen. Chiang se tornou o comandante da Academia Militar Whampoa e substituiu Sun como líder do KMT após o Golpe de Canton, em 1926. Após ter neutralizado a ala esquerdista do partido, Chiang liderou a Expedição do Norte, conquistando toda a China após derrotar o Governo de Beiyang e pacificado os Senhores da guerra da China. De 1928 a 1948, Chiang serviu como presidente e generalíssimo do Governo Nacional da República da China. Chiang era um nacionalista, promovendo a cultura tradicional chinesa no chamado "movimento nova vida". Incapaz de manter as boas relações que seu antecessor tinha com o Partido Comunista da China (PCC), Chiang tentou expurga-los do país através do massacre de Xangai de 1927 e depois reprimiu várias rebeliões, primeiro na região de Cantão e depois em outros territórios. Com o passar dos anos, seu governo foi ficando cada vez mais autoritário, embora perdesse apoio nas zonas rurais e ainda havia a crescente ameaça dos socialistas que, apresar das repressões, ganhavam apoiadores e atiçavam uma guerra civil contra o governo de Chiang Kai-shek. No começo da Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa, que mais tarde se tornou o teatro de operações da China na Segunda Guerra Mundial, o marechal Zhang Xueliang sequestrou Chiang e o obrigou a estabelecer a Segunda Frente Unida com os Comunistas. Após a derrota dos japoneses, o plano americano (a "Missão Marshall"), tentou negociar um governo de coalizão, mas falhou. Em 1946, a Guerra Civil Chinesa recomeçou a todo o vapor, com as forças do Partido Comunista, lideradas por Mao Zedong, derrotando os exércitos do KMT e proclamando a República Popular da China em 1949. O governo de Chiang e o que sobrou de suas tropas recuaram para Taiwan, onde ele impôs lei marcial e perseguiu todos os socialistas, críticos e opositores do seu regime na ilha no que ficou conhecido como "Terror Branco". Após evacuar para Taiwan, o governo de Chiang e seus apoiadores continuaram a declarar sua intenção de, um dia, retomar a China dos comunistas. Chiang governaria Taiwan como presidente e Diretor-geral do Kuomintang até sua morte em outubro de 1975, um ano antes da morte de Mao. Assim como Mao, Chiang Kai-shek é considerado uma figura controversa. Seus apoiadores o creditam por ter desempenhado um grande papel durante a vitória dos Aliados da Segunda Guerra Mundial e ter unificado a nação, sendo também um símbolo nacional e uma figura importante na resistência contra os japoneses, os soviéticos e os comunistas. Detratores e críticos o denunciam como um ditador, um autocrata autoritário que reprimiu e expurgou seus opositores a todo o custo, com prisões arbitrárias, torturas e assassinatos a todos que não apoiavam o Kuomintang e outros. Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to his death in 1975 – until 1949 in mainland China and from then on in Taiwan. After his rule was confined to Taiwan following his defeat by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War, he continued to head the ROC government in exile. Born in Chekiang (Zhejiang) Province, Chiang was a member of the Kuomintang (KMT), and a lieutenant of Sun Yat-sen in the revolution to overthrow the Beiyang government and reunify China. With help from the Soviets and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Chiang organized the military for Sun's Canton Nationalist Government and headed the Whampoa Military Academy. Commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army (from which he came to be known as a Generalissimo), he led the Northern Expedition from 1926 to 1928, before defeating a coalition of warlords and nominally reunifying China under a new Nationalist government. Midway through the Northern Expedition, the KMT–CCP alliance broke down and Chiang massacred communists inside the party, triggering a civil war with the CCP, which he eventually lost in 1949. As the leader of the Republic of China in the Nanjing decade, Chiang sought to strike a difficult balance between modernizing China, while also devoting resources to defending the nation against the CCP, warlords, and the impending Japanese threat. Trying to avoid a war with Japan while hostilities with the CCP continued, he was kidnapped in the Xi'an Incident, and obliged to form an Anti-Japanese United Front with the CCP. Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, he mobilized China for the Second Sino-Japanese War. For eight years, he led the war of resistance against a vastly superior enemy, mostly from the wartime capital Chongqing. As the leader of a major Allied power, Chiang met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Cairo Conference to discuss terms for the Japanese surrender. When the Second World War ended, the Civil War with the communists (by then led by Mao Zedong) resumed. Chiang's nationalists were mostly defeated in a few decisive battles in 1948. In 1949, Chiang's government and army retreated to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted critics during the White Terror. Presiding over a period of social reforms and economic prosperity, Chiang won five elections to six-year terms as President of the Republic of China, and was Director-General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975, three years into his fifth term as president, and one year before Mao's death. One of the longest-serving non-royal heads of state in the 20th century, Chiang was the longest-serving non-royal ruler of China, having held the post for 46 years. Like Mao, he is regarded as a controversial figure. Supporters credit him with playing a major part in unifying the nation and leading the Chinese resistance against Japan, as well as with countering communist influence and economic development in both Mainland China and Taiwan. Detractors and critics denounce him as a fascist dictator at the front of a corrupt authoritarian regime that suppressed civilians and political dissents, as well as flooding the Yellow River that subsequently caused the Henan Famine during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Other historians such as Jay Taylor argued that despite his many faults, Chiang's ideology notably differs from other authoritarian dictators of the 20th century and does not espouse the ideology of fascism. He argued that Chiang made genuine efforts to improve the economic and social conditions of mainland China and Taiwan such as improving women's rights and land reform. Chiang was also credited with transforming China from a semi-colony of various imperialist powers to an independent country by amending the unequal treaties signed by previous governments, as well as moving various Chinese national treasures and traditional Chinese artworks to the National Palace Museum in Taipei during the 1949 retreat. Чан Кайши́ (англ. Chiang Kai-shek, кит. трад. 蔣介石, упр. 蒋介石, пиньинь Jiǎng Jièshí, палл. Цзян Цзеши; 31 октября 1887, , провинция Чжэцзян, Китайская империя Цин — 5 апреля 1975, Тайбэй, Тайвань) — военный и политический деятель Китая, возглавивший партию Гоминьдан в 1925 году после смерти Сунь Ятсена; президент Китайской Республики (1950—1975), маршал и генералиссимус Китайской Республики. Китайский националист. Čankajšek (čínsky v českém přepisu Ťiang Ťie-š’, pchin-jinem Jiǎng​ Jiè​shí, znaky zjednodušené 蒋介石, tradiční 蔣介石; 31. října 1887, Si-kchou, asi 180 km jižně od Šanghaje – 5. dubna 1975, Tchaj-pej, Tchaj-wan), byl čínský voják a nacionalistický politik, vůdce Národní strany (Kuomintang, KMT) a prezident Čínské republiky. Pocházel ze zámožné obchodnické rodiny, studoval na japonské vojenské akademii a zúčastnil se sinchajské revoluce, která roku 1912 nastolila první Čínskou republiku. Jako úspěšný velitel a energický až bezohledný vůdce se snažil vybudovat silný čínský stát, nezávislý na velmocích. Zprvu byl jako „Rudý generál“ podporován Sověty i Německem a během druhé čínsko-japonské války se houževnatě bránil proti Japoncům, ale zároveň se snažil potlačit čínské komunisty. Od útoku na Pearl Harbor roku 1941 stál na straně Spojenců, ale během občanské války v letech 1945–1948 ho Mao Ce-tung přes významnou podporu Spojených států vytlačil z čínské pevniny. Roku 1948 odletěl na Tchaj-wan (znám také jako Formosa), kam s podporou dalších exulantů přemístil Čínskou republiku (ROC) a kde do své smrti v roce 1975 byl jejím prezidentem, vládnoucí jako diktátor. Na prudké a často nečekané změny vnitřní i zahraniční politické situace reagoval střídáním spojenců, což mu mnozí vytýkali jako vadu charakteru. Oslabenou a rozháranou Čínu počátku 20. století se mu však podařilo začít modernizovat a politicky sjednotit, i když na krátkou dobu. Do politiky vstoupil jako revoluční demokrat, postupně však usoudil, že demokracii západního typu nelze v Číně uskutečnit, a sovětský systém odmítal. Jako autoritativní vůdce tvrdě potlačoval různá povstání, zároveň však ostře vystupoval proti kapitalistům. Musel bojovat na několika frontách a v zemi, unavené válkou, nakonec ztratil podporu, zejména u venkovského obyvatelstva. V závěru života položil pevné základy tchajwanského hospodářského zázraku.[zdroj?] Vychován svou matkou v konfuciánské zbožnosti, přijal roku 1927 metodistické křesťanství. Dovedl být velmi tvrdý, až bezohledný a svárlivý, a v jeho životě je řada temných míst. Z jeho později zveřejněných deníků vyplývá, že nejednal jen z oportunismu, nýbrž jako důsledný vlastenec, a že to byl přemýšlivý a citlivý člověk. V životě se čtyřikrát oženil, naposledy se Sung Mej-ling. Dodnes je předmětem velkých sporů, nezávislí pozorovatelé však soudí, že současná Čínská lidová republika odpovídá jeho představám mnohem víc než představám svého zakladatele Mao Ce-tunga. Chiang Kai-shek (jiaxiang: Jiangsu 江苏, Yixing 宜兴) (Fenghua, 31 oktober 1887 – Taipei, 5 april 1975), ook gespeld als Tsjang Kai-Sjek (Kantonese uitspraak) of Jiang Jieshi (Mandarijnse uitspraak), was een Chinees nationalistisch politicus. Hij was afkomstig uit de gezeten burgerij. Hij sloot zich aan bij de Revolutionaire Liga van Sun Yat-sen, die in 1911 werd omgedoopt tot Kwomintang (in het Westen dikwijls afgekort als KMT). Chiang Kai Shek (Hanzi: 蔣介石, Pinyin: Jiang Jieshi, 31 Oktober 1887 – 5 April 1975) adalah seorang pemimpin militer Tiongkok abad ke-20. Ia juga dikenal dengan nama Jiang Zhongzheng (蒋中正) di Taiwan. Chiang juga salah satu petinggi di Partai Kuomintang (KMT) sebagai Komandan Akademi Militer Whampoa yang pertama, yang didirikan oleh Partai Kuomintang atas inisiatif Sun untuk mencapai tujuan revolusi. Ia juga menggantikan Sun Yat Sen menjadi pemimpin KMT ketika Sun meninggal pada tahun 1925. Pada tahun 1926, Chiang memimpin Ekspedisi Utara untuk mempersatukan Tiongkok yang pada masa itu sedang terpecah oleh pemimpin perang yang berkuasa di daerah setelah runtuhnya Dinasti Qing. Dia menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Militer Nasional pemerintahan Nasionalis Republik Tiongkok (Republik Tiongkok/Taiwan) pada tahun 1928-1948. Chiang memimpin Tiongkok dalam Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua. Pada saat itu kekuasaan pemerintah Nasionalis sangat lemah, namun ia semakin menonjol. Tidak seperti Sun Yat Sen, Chiang Kai Shek secara sosial berpaham konservatif. Ia mempromosikan budaya tradisional Tionghoa melalui Gerakan Hidup Baru dan menolak demokrasi Barat. Dia juga menolak paham sosialisme demokratis nasionalis yang didukung oleh Sun Yat Sen dan beberapa anggota untuk membentuk pemerintahan otoriter nasionalis. Berbeda dengan Sun Yat Sen (pendahulu Chiang Kai Shek). Dia sangat disukai dan dihormati oleh kelompok komunis. Setelah Sun Yat Sen wafat, Chiang Kai Sek tidak mampu menjaga hubungan baik dengan Partai Komunis Tiongkok. Perpecahan besar antara kelompok Nasionalis dengan Komunis terjadi pada tahun 1927. Di bawah kepemimpinan Chiang, kelompok Nasionalis mengobarkan perang saudara melawan Komunis. Setelah Jepang menyerang Tiongkok pada tahun 1937, Chiang menyetujui gencatan senjata sementara dengan partai Komunis hingga Jepang menyerah kepada sekutu pada tahun 1945. Dengan demikian Partai Komunis maupun Partai Kuomintang tidak saling percaya maupun aktif bekerja sama. Perang saudara kembali berlanjut setelah upaya negosiasi untuk membentuk pemerintahan koalisi pada tahun 1946 mengalami kegagalan. Pada tahun 1949 kelompok Komunis mengalahkan kelompok Nasionalis, memaksa Chiang mundur ke Pulau Formosa, kemudian Chiang memberlakukan Darurat militer dan orang-orang teraniaya kritis selama pemerintahannya dalam periode yang dikenal sebagai "Teror Putih". Setelah mundur ke Formosa, pemerintahan Chiang terus menyatakan niatnya untuk merebut kembali Daratan Tiongkok dan Mongolia. Chiang memerintah Pulau Formosa dan sekitarnya sebagai Presiden Republik Tiongkok/Taiwan dan Pimpinan Kuomintang sampai kematiannya pada tahun 1975. Dia memerintah Daratan Tiongkok dan Mongolia selama 22 tahun, dan Pulau Formosa selama 26 tahun. Chiang Kai-shek (uttal på mandarin:  (info)) eller Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng, född 31 oktober 1887 i Xikou, Zhejiang, död 5 april 1975 i Taipei, Republiken Kina, var en nationalistisk kinesisk militär och politiker. Han var Kinas ledare från 1927 till inbördeskrigets slut 1949 och var allmänt känd under sin titel generalissimus. Chiang Kai-shek övertog ledarskapet för nationalistpartiet Kuomintang successivt efter Sun Yat-sens död 1925 och åren 1926-28 erövrade han det centrala Kina i Nordfälttåget och upprättade en centralregering i Nanking som fick det internationella samfundets erkännande som Kinas lagliga regering. Han var Republiken Kinas statschef 1928-1931 och 1943-1949, samt även regeringschef under större delen av perioden 1935-1945, men på grund av det kinesiska inbördeskriget och den japanska imperialismen lyckades han aldrig fullständigt kontrollera hela Kina. Efter Japans invasion av Kina 1937 ledde han det kinesiska motståndet mot den japanska ockupationsmakten och upprättade en tillfällig huvudstad för sin regering i Chongqing. I samband med USA:s och Sovjetunionens inträde i andra världskriget 1941 förenade sig Chiangs regim med de allierade under andra världskriget och stod som en av segrarmakterna vid Japans nederlag i augusti-september 1945. Trots att Chiangs prestige stod högt efter kriget hade hans regim försvagats av åtta års japansk ockupation och på grund av allvarliga strategiska misstag i det kinesiska inbördeskriget tvingades han flytta Republiken Kinas regering till Taiwan när Kinas kommunistiska parti och dess ledare Mao Zedong tog över det kinesiska fastlandet och grundade Folkrepubliken Kina hösten 1949. 蔣 介石（蒋 介石、しょう かいせき、チャン・チェシー、1887年10月31日 - 1975年4月5日）は、中華民国の政治家、軍人。第3代・第5代国民政府主席、初代中華民国総統、中国国民党永久総裁。国民革命軍・中華民国国軍における最終階級は特級上将（大元帥に相当）。浙江省寧波府奉化県出身。日本や中華人民共和国では蔣介石の呼び名で知られているが、中華民国（台湾）では蔣中正（しょう ちゅうせい）の名称が一般的である。 孫文の後継者として北伐を完遂し、中華民国の統一を果たして同国の最高指導者となる。第二次世界大戦では同国を四大国の一角にさせ、連合国中国戦区最高統帥だった。しかし、戦後の国共内戦で毛沢東率いる中国共産党に敗れて1949年に台湾へ移り、1975年に死去するまで大陸支配を回復することなく同国の国家元首の地位にあった。 Bhí Chiang Kai-shek (leagan Cantainise) nó Jiang Jieshi (leagan Mandairínise), a rugadh i ar an 31 Deireadh Fómhair 1887 agus a cailleadh i Taipei, an Téaváin, ar an 5 Aibreán 1975, ina cheannaire idir pholaitiúil agus mhíleata sa tSín i rith na fichiú haoise. Chuaigh sé le polaitíocht i bPáirtí Náisiúnta na Síne, nó Guomindang, agus é ag comhoibriú go dlúth le Sun Yat-sen, "athair na tíre dúchais". Nuair a fuair Sun bás, chuaigh Chiang Kai-shek i gceannas ar an bpáirtí agus, sa bhliain 1928, ar an tír féin. Bhí sé ina Ard-Ghinearál agus ina chathaoirleach ar Chomhairle Náisiúnta Mhíleata Phoblacht na Síne sna blianta 1928-1948, rud a chiallaigh go raibh sé ar an duine ab airde céimíochta agus ar an duine ba mhó cumhachta sa tSín. Sna blianta 1937-1945, chuir sé cogadh ar na Seapánaigh, agus nuair a d'ionsaigh na Seapánaigh Pearl Harbor, chuaigh Chiang i gcomhghuaillíocht leis na Meiriceánaigh. I ndiaidh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, d'fhéach sé leis na Cumannaigh a chloí, ach ní raibh rath ar an iarracht sin. B'éigean do Chiang agus dá pháirtí cúlú go dtí an Téaváin, a ndearna siad daingean frith-Chumannach di. Ansin a shíothlaigh Chiang sa deireadh, tríocha bliain i ndiaidh deireadh an chogaidh. Tá oidhreacht Chiang ina cnámh spairne idir na Téavánaigh inniu. Tá cuid mhaith daoine buíoch beannachtach as an seasamh dobhogtha a ghlac sé in aghaidh an Chumannachais. Ón taobh eile de, áfach, tá cuid mhaith eile den bharúil nach ndearna Chiang mórán maitheasa don Téaváin, nó ní raibh spéis aige san oileán ach amháin mar bhunáit fhrith-Chumannach - ní dhearna sé mórán leis an Téaváin a fhorbairt ar mhaithe leo siúd a rugadh is a tógadh san oileán, agus bhí seisean agus a lucht leanúna i bpáirtí Guomindang ag glacadh buntáiste ar na Téavánaigh dhúchasacha. 장제스(중국어 정체자: 蔣介石, 간체자: 蒋介石, 병음: Jiǎng Jièshí, 한자음: 장개석, 1887년 10월 31일~1975년 4월 5일) 또는 창카이섹(광둥어: Zoeng Gaai-Sek, 영어: Chiang Kai-shek)은 중화민국의 군인, 정치·군사 지도자이자, 중화민국 국민정부의 제2, 4대 총통 및 국부천대 이후 제1~5대 총통(1925년 ~ 1975년)이었다. 제스는 자(字)이며 흔히 불린다. 본명은 장중정(중국어 정체자: 蔣中正, 간체자: 蒋中正, 병음: Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng, 한자음: 장중정). 아명은 루이위안(瑞元), 족보명은 저우타이(周泰), 학명은 즈칭(志淸)으로 종교는 감리교이며, 황푸군관학교 교장, 국민혁명군사령관, 중화민국 국민정부 주석, 중화민국 행정원장, 국민정부군사위원회위원장, 중국국민당 총재, 삼민주의 청년단 단장 등을 역임하였다. 1906년 바오딩 군관학교에 입학하고 다음해 일본 육군사관학교로 유학갔다. 일본 유학시기에 중국동맹회에 가입하고 1911년 신해혁명에 참가하였다. 쑨원의 신임을 받아 1923년 제1차 국공합작때는 소련으로 군사시찰을 갔으며, 귀국 후 황푸군관학교 교장에 취임했다. 1926년 국민혁명군 총사령관에 취임하여 북벌을 시작하였으며 1927년 4월에는 상하이 쿠테타를 일으켜 중국공산당을 축출하고 1928년에 베이징을 점령하여 북벌 완수를 선언했다. 이후 난징에 수도를 정하고 국민정부를 선포, 국민정부 주석과 육군, 해군, 공군 총사령이 되어 정당과 정부의 지배권을 확립했다. 1930년부터 공산당 토벌에 나섰으며, 1937년 일본의 침공으로 중일전쟁이 발발했는데도 이를 항일전쟁보다 우선시하였다. 그러나 1936년 공산당 토벌작전을 독려하기 위해 시안에 갔다가 그의 부하인 장쉐량과 그의 군대에 의해 감금당한 시안 사건을 계기로 1937년 제2차 국공합작을 결성하여 공산당과 함께 항일전쟁(중일전쟁)에 나섰다. 공산당과 대립하면서도 일본을 상대로 전쟁을 이끌어 1945년 일본의 항복으로 중일전쟁에서 중국(당시 중화민국)을 승전국으로 만들지만, 1946년부터 다시 공산당과 내전을 벌였으며, 1949년 중국공산당에 밀려 타이완으로 이전하였다. 중화민국의 총통과 국민당 총재로 장기 집권하다가 1975년 사망했다. 1948년 5월 20일부터 1949년 1월 21일까지는 중화민국의 초대 총통인 국가원수를 지냈고 1950년 3월 1일부터 1975년 4월 5일까지 초대~5대(리쭝런의 직무대행기간 및 사망으로 인한 옌자간의 직무승계기간 제외) 중화민국 총통을 역임했다. 1930년대 대한민국 임시정부의 활동을 적극 후원하기도 했다. Chiang Kai-shek (Ningpo, Txe-Kiang, 1887ko urriaren 31 – Taipeh, 1975eko apirilaren 5) Txinako militar, politikaria eta estatuburua izan zen. Chiang Kai-shek oder Tschiang Kai-schek (chinesisch 蔣介石 / 蒋介石, Pinyin Jiǎng Jièshí, W.-G. Chiang Chieh-Shih, Zhuyin ㄐㄧㄤˇ ㄐㄧㄝˋ ㄕˊ, kantonesisch Chiang Kai-shek, Pe̍h-ōe-jī Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k; * 31. Oktober 1887 als 蔣中正 / 蒋中正, Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng, Chiang Chung-cheng, Zhuyin ㄐㄧㄤˇ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄓㄥˋ, Pe̍h-ōe-jī ChiúⁿTiong-chìng; in , Landkreis Fenghua, Provinz Zhejiang, kaiserliches Qing-China; † 5. April 1975 in Taipeh) war ein chinesischer Militär und Politiker in der Zeit nach der Xinhai-Revolution (1911) und ab 1925 Führer der Kuomintang. Als solcher war er im Chinesischen Bürgerkrieg (1927–1949) der Gegenspieler Mao Zedongs und bis zur Machtübernahme der Kommunisten auf dem chinesischen Festland im Chinesischen Bürgerkrieg der führende Politiker Chinas. In dieser Zeit war er mehrfach Präsident sowie als Marschall und Generalissimus militärischer Oberbefehlshaber der Republik China. Nach der Niederlage gegen die Kommunisten proklamierte Chiang Ende 1949 auf Taiwan (früher Formosa) die provisorische Regierung der Republik China. Er regierte teilweise diktatorisch und erhob bis zu seinem Tod 1975 mit US-Unterstützung Anspruch auf ganz China. Tchang Kaï-chek, ou Chiang Kaï-Shek, ou Chang Kaï-chek ou Jiang Jieshi (chinois traditionnel : 蔣介石 ; chinois simplifié : 蒋介石 ; cantonais Jyutping : Zoeng2 Gaai3-sek6, /tsːŋ kāːi.sɛ̀ːk̚/, pinyin : Jiǎng Jièshí, /tɕjàŋ tɕjê.ʂ/,), né le 31 octobre 1887 à Ching Yang Shui dans le district de Fenghua et mort le 5 avril 1975 à Taipei, est un militaire et homme d'État chinois qui fut l'un des principaux représentants du Kuomintang après la mort de Sun Yat-sen en 1925. Il fut le chef militaire – avec le titre de généralissime – et, à diverses périodes et en alternance, le chef du gouvernement et le président de la « Première République » puis, jusqu'à sa mort, le président de la « république de Chine » à Taïwan. Ĉiang Kai-ŝek aŭ Ĉan Kajŝek aŭ Ĝiang Ĝieŝi (naskita la 31-an de oktobro 1887; mortinta la 5-an de aprilo 1975), oficiale konata kiel Jiăng Zhōngzhèng (蔣中正), ĉina milita kaj politika estro, iĝis ĉefo de la Kuomintango post la morto de Sun Jatsen en 1925. Li komandis la por unuigi Ĉinion kontraŭ la militestroj kaj eliĝis venke en 1928 kiel ĉefo de la Respubliko de Ĉinio. Jiǎng kondukis Ĉinion dum la milito por rezisti la japanojn, dum kiu la staturo de Jiǎng en Ĉinio malfortigis sed lia internacia eminenteco kreskis kiel unu el la "Kvar grandaj" estroj aliancitaj. Ĉiang provis eradiki la ĉinajn komunistojn sed malsukcesis, pro kio lia registraro devis retreti al Tajvano, kie li servis kiel prezidento de la Respubliko de Ĉinio dum la cetero de sia vivo. * Ĉiang Kai-ŝek, Franklin D. Roosevelt kaj Winston Churchill en la konferenco de Kajro en 1943. * Chiang Kai-shek o Jiang Jieshi (蔣介石T, Jiǎng JièshíP) (Xikou, 31 ottobre 1887 – Taipei, 5 aprile 1975) è stato un generale e politico cinese. Nel 1925, dopo la morte di Sun Yat-sen, assunse la guida del Kuomintang (KMT, 國民黨). Comandò la spedizione del Nord per riunificare la Cina contro i signori della guerra del governo Beiyang e nel 1928 emerse vincitore come leader del governo nazionalista della Repubblica di Cina. Chiang guidò la Cina durante la seconda guerra sino-giapponese, nella quale la sua influenza all'interno della Cina si indebolì, ma la sua rilevanza internazionale crebbe, divenendo uno dei quattro grandi capi alleati. Durante la guerra civile cinese (1927-1949, interrotta durante il Secondo Fronte Unito) Chiang Kai-Shek guidò la fazione nazionalista in lotta con quella comunista. Sconfitto, si ritirò con le sue truppe superstiti sull'isola di Formosa (Taiwan), dove diede vita alla Repubblica di Cina a Taiwan o "Cina nazionale". A Taiwan divenne presidente della Repubblica di Cina per il resto della sua vita. Instaurò un regime autoritario sia sulla Cina continentale, sia quando governò solo sull'isola di Taiwan. Quest'ultima venne sottoposta alla legge marziale dal 1949 al 1987, all'epoca mai imposto nella storia (superato successivamente solo dalla Siria). Чан Кайші (кит. 蔣介石, пін. Jiǎng Jièshí, Цзян Цзєши; 31 жовтня 1887 — 5 квітня 1975) — військовий і політичний діяч Китаю, що очолив Гоміньдан 1925 року після смерті Сунь Ятсена; президент Китайської Республіки, маршал і генералісимус. شيانج كاي شيك أو تشانغ كاي شيك (بالصينية 蔣中正 أو 蔣介石، بالإنجليزية Chiang Kai-shek) ولد في 31 أكتوبر 1887 وتوفي في 5 أبريل 1975 قائد سياسي وعسكري صيني تولى رئاسة حزب الكومنتانج الوطني بعد وفاة صن يات سين عام 1925 وقاد الحكومة الوطنية لجمهورية الصين من عام 1928 لعام 1975 وقاد (حملة الشمال) لتوحيد الصين ضد أمراء الحرب والتي أدت لأن يصبح رئيس جمهورية الصين عام 1928. Chiang Kai-shek o Jiang Jieshi (en chino tradicional, 蔣介石; en chino simplificado, 蒋介石; pinyin, Jiǎng Jièshí; Wade-Giles, Chiang Chieh-Shih; pe̍h-ōe-jī, Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k; grafías alternativas: 蔣中正T, 蒋中正S, Jiǎng ZhōngzhèngP, Chiang Chung-chengW, ChiúⁿTiong-chìngPOJ; , 31 de octubre de 1887-Taipéi, 5 de abril de 1975) fue un militar, estadista y dictador chino. Sucedió a Sun Yat-sen como líder del Partido Nacionalista Chino Kuomintang y fue el líder máximo, bajo diversos cargos, de la República de China fundada en Nankín en 1927. Tras la derrota de los nacionalistas frente a los comunistas en 1949, se refugió con su gobierno en la isla de Taiwán. Chiang Kai-shek fue dictador de Taiwán desde 1949 hasta su muerte en 1975, cuando fue sucedido por su hijo Chiang Ching-kuo. Durante su etapa en Taiwán nunca se resignó a que el exilio fuera definitivo. Mantuvo la esperanza de que el comunismo acabaría cayendo y que la República de China, bajo su liderazgo, reconquistaría la China continental. Tras la invasión japonesa de China, el Gobierno dirigido por Chiang Kai-shek se replegó hacia el interior del país, estableciendo la capital provisional en Chongqing, ya que Nankín había caído en manos de los japoneses, que instauraron allí un Gobierno títere presidido por Wang Jingwei. Durante la invasión japonesa, el KMT interrumpió la lucha contra el Partido Comunista de China, formando un frente unido contra los invasores. Al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los japoneses se retiran de China, que recupera además la isla de Taiwán. En ese momento, se reanuda el enfrentamiento con los comunistas, dirigidos por Mao Zedong. El 1 de enero de 1947, se aprobó una nueva Constitución para la República de China (no confundir con la República Popular China). A lo largo de ese año, se eligió a los miembros de las diferentes cámaras del Parlamento nacional, y en abril de 1948, Chiang Kai-shek asumió el cargo de presidente de la República. El gobierno del KMT parecía estar afianzando su control sobre el territorio, a pesar de todas las dificultades, pero ya en 1946 se intensificó la lucha con los comunistas. Contra todo pronóstico, las fuerzas comunistas del llamado Ejército Popular de Liberación, desde sus bases de poder en el campo, consiguieron finalmente ganar esta guerra civil. A lo largo de 1949, se sucedieron las victorias comunistas. Chiang Kai-shek empezó a enviar personal hacia el sur para preparar desde allí la ofensiva contra los comunistas. El gobierno del KMT se vio obligado a abandonar Nankín. El 5 de febrero, la capital se trasladó a Cantón. El 26 de mayo, Chiang se desplazó a Taiwán. Ante el avance comunista (el 1 de octubre Mao Zedong había proclamado la fundación de la República Popular China), el Gobierno republicano trasladó la capital provisional de Cantón a Chongqing el 15 de octubre y finalmente a Chengdu el 29 de noviembre. Chiang había vuelto al continente desde Taiwán el 14 de noviembre y estuvo en Chonqqing y Chengdu intentando resistir la victoria comunista. Finalmente, el 8 de diciembre, Chiang dio por perdida la China continental y ordenó a sus tropas y a los más altos cargos del Gobierno que abandonasen Chengdu. El 10 de diciembre de 1949, Chiang Kai-shek y su hijo Chiang Ching-kuo volaron a Taiwán, desde donde esperaban poder reorganizarse para derrotar a los comunistas. Chiang Kai-shek nunca volvió a pisar la China continental. Ο Τσιανγκ Κάι-Σεκ (蔣中正, πραγματικό όνομα Τσιανγκ Τσον-Τσεν, 31 Οκτωβρίου 1887 - 5 Απριλίου 1975) ήταν Κινέζος πολιτικός ο οποίος γεννήθηκε στο Νιγκ Πο της Κίνας στις 31 Οκτωβρίου 1887. Διατέλεσε Πρόεδρος της Κίνας από το 1928 έως το 1948 και Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας της Κίνας (Ταϊβάν) έως το 1975. Ο πατέρας του, ο οποίος ήταν έμπορος κρασιών, πέθανε όταν ο Τσιανγκ ήταν σε ηλικία 9 ετών και τον μεγάλωσαν κάποιοι συγγενείς του. Όμως οι συγγενείς του αυτοί τον κακομεταχειρίζονταν, και έτσι αναγκάστηκε να φύγει και να καταταχτεί στον στρατό. Όταν έγινε 18 χρονών έδωσε εξετάσεις στην στρατιωτική ακαδημία Πάο Τιν, όπου έγινε δεκτός το 1906. Στο μεταξύ παντρεύτηκε την Μάο και απόκτησαν έναν γιο, τον Τσιαν Τσιν Κούο. Αργότερα ο Τσιανγκ πήγε στην Ιαπωνία όπου φοίτησε στην στρατιωτική σχολή του Τόκιο. Εκεί γνώρισε τον Σον Γιατ-Σεν, ο οποίος οργάνωνε την επανάσταση εναντίον της μοναρχίας των Μαντσού στην Κίνα, έγινε οπαδός του και επέστρεψαν μαζί στην πατρίδα μετά την πρώτη επαναστατική εξέγερση το 1911. Ο Σον Γιατ-Σεν σχημάτισε κυβέρνηση αφού πρώτα συμμάχησε με τους κομμουνιστές και ο Τσιανγκ έφυγε για την Μόσχα για να μελετήσει τις Σοβιετικές στρατιωτικές μεθόδους. Όταν ο Σον Γιατ-Σεν πέθανε, το 1925 ο Τσιανγκ αναδείχθηκε σε ηγέτη του επαναστατικού κινήματος. Χάρη στις μεγάλες του οργανωτικές ικανότητες κατάφερε να δημιουργήσει μία σύγχρονη και ευέλικτη στρατιά. Ο Τσιανγκ είχε έντονα αντικομμουνιστικά αισθήματα. Έτσι την άνοιξη του 1927 διέταξε την σύλληψη και εξόντωση χιλιάδων κομμουνιστών που βρίσκονταν στο κόμμα του. Η αντικομμουνιστική πολιτική του Τσανγκ προκάλεσε έναν νέο εμφύλιο πόλεμο ο οποίος τερματίστηκε τον Μάιο του 1949 με νίκη των κομμουνιστών του Μάο Τσε-Τον. Ο Τσιανγκ Κάι-Σεκ κατέφυγε στην Ταϊβάν, μαζί με δύο εκατομμύρια Κινέζους εθνικιστές, κάτω από αμερικανική προστασία. Εκεί έγινε Πρόεδρος της Εθνικιστικής Κίνας. Πέθανε στην Ταϊβάν στις 5 Απριλίου 1975. Chiang Kai-shek (xinès tradicional: 蔣介石, xinès simplificat: 蒋介石, pinyin: Jiǎng Jièshí) fou un militar i estadista xinès. Va succeir Sun Yat-sen com a líder del Partit Nacionalista Xinès Guomindang, i fou el líder màxim, sota diversos càrrecs, de la República de la Xina establerta a Nanjing el 1927. Després de la derrota dels nacionalistes enfront dels comunistes el 1949, es va refugiar amb el seu govern a l'illa de Taiwan, única província xinesa que mai cauria sota el control comunista. Chiang Kai-shek va governar Taiwan de forma autoritària 47 anys, des del 1949 fins a la seva mort el 1975, quan va ser succeït pel seu fill Chiang Ching-kuo. Ha estat una de les persones que més temps ha governat un estat excloent la reialesa. Durant la seva etapa a Taiwan mai no es va resignar que l'exili seria definitiu. Va mantenir l'esperança que el comunisme acabaria caient, i que la República de la Xina, sota el seu lideratge, reconqueriria la Xina continental.
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