. . . . . . . "Der Begriff traditionelle Architektur (auch traditionelles Bauen, heimisches oder lokales Bauen) beschreibt Bauweisen und -verfahren, bei denen lokale Materialien und Bautraditionen zum Einsatz kommen, um konkrete Bauaufgaben zu erf\u00FCllen. Die entstehenden Bauwerke definieren in ihrer Gesamtheit eine wiedererkennbare regionale Architektursprache mit typischen Bauformen. Oft sind diese Bauformen auch nach einer Region benannt, wie zum Beispiel das Schwarzwaldhaus. Der Begriff kann im heutigen Sprachgebrauch historische Bauformen bezeichnen, die in dieser Form heute nicht mehr errichtet werden. Traditionelle Architektur wird aber auch sinnverwandt als regionale Architektur bzw. vernakul\u00E4re Architektur bezeichnet, womit auch heutige Bauten gemeint sind, die in traditioneller Architektursprache errichtet werden. Als weitere Bezeichnungen k\u00F6nnen Traditionalismus oder Regionalismus f\u00FCr Bauten in traditioneller Architektur verwendet werden, wobei der Traditionalismus auch als eigenst\u00E4ndiger Stilbegriff f\u00FCr traditionell inspirierte Bauten seit dem 20. Jahrhundert steht. Manche Bautraditionen sind auch gesondert als immaterielles Kulturerbe gesch\u00FCtzt, in Deutschland etwa die Reetdachdeckerei, das Bauhandwerk der Orgelbauer und Bauh\u00FCtten, sowie die Arbeit mit Kalkm\u00F6rtel und Kratzputz. Auf weltweiter Ebene gibt es UNESCO-gesch\u00FCtzte traditionelle Bautechniken."@de . . . "\u30F4\u30A1\u30CA\u30AD\u30E5\u30E9\u30FC\u5EFA\u7BC9\uFF08\u30F4\u30A1\u30CA\u30AD\u30E5\u30E9\u30FC\u3051\u3093\u3061\u304F \u82F1: Vernacular architecture\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u6C17\u5019\u3084\u7ACB\u5730\u3001\u305D\u3053\u306B\u4F4F\u3080\u4EBA\u3005\u306E\u6D3B\u52D5\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305F\u98A8\u571F\u306B\u5FDC\u3058\u3066\u9020\u3089\u308C\u308B\u4F4F\u5C45\u3084\u65BD\u8A2D\u3002\u65E5\u672C\u3067\u306F\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u6C11\u5BB6\u306E\u30CB\u30E5\u30A2\u30F3\u30B9\u3067\u6349\u3048\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . "Architettura spontanea"@it . "Vernacular architecture is building done outside any academic tradition, and without professional guidance. This category encompasses a wide range and variety of building types, with differing methods of construction, from around the world, both historical and extant, representing the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies. Vernacular architecture constitutes 95% of the world's built environment, as estimated in 1995 by Amos Rapoport, as measured against the small percentage of new buildings every year designed by architects and built by engineers. Vernacular architecture usually serves immediate, local needs; is constrained by the materials available in its particular region; and reflects local traditions and cultural practices. Traditionally, the study of vernacular architecture did not examine formally schooled architects, but instead that of the design skills and tradition of local builders, who were rarely given any attribution for the work. More recently, vernacular architecture has been examined by designers and the building industry in an effort to be more energy conscious with contemporary design and construction\u2014part of a broader interest in sustainable design. As of 1986, even among scholars publishing in the field, the exact boundaries of \"vernacular\" have not been clear. This issue of definition, apparently so simple, has proven to be one of the most serious problems for advocates of vernacular architecture and landscapes research. A straightforward, convincing, authoritative definition has not yet been offered. Vernacular architecture is a phenomenon that many understand intuitively but that few are able to define. The literature on the subject is thus filled with what might be called non-definitions. Vernacular architecture is non-high style building, it is those structures not designed by professionals; it is not monumental; it is un-sophisticated; it is mere building; it is, according to the distinguished historian Nikolaus Pevsner, not architecture. Those who take a more positive approach rely on adjectives like ordinary, everyday, and commonplace. While these terms are not as pejorative as other descriptive phrases that are sometimes applied to the vernacular, neither are they very precise. For example, the skyscrapers of Manhattan are works of high style architecture, but they are also commonplace in Manhattan. Are they not logically New York City vernacular buildings? Vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design. It is not a stylistic description, much less one specific style, so it cannot be summarized in terms of easy-to-understand patterns, characteristics, materials, or elements. Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders, vernacular buildings are considered cultural expressions\u2014aboriginal, indigenous, ancestral, rural, ethnic, or regional\u2014as much as architectural artifacts."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "60661"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Arsitektur vernakular adalah arsitektur yang terbentuk dari proses yang berangsur lama dan berulang-ulang sesuai dengan perilaku, kebiasaan, dan kebudayaan di tempat asalnya. Vernakular, berasal dari bahasa Latin, yaitu vernacullus yang berarti lokal, domestik, asli, pribumi. Pembentukan arsitektur berangsur dengan sangat lama sehingga sikap bentuknya akan mengakar."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lidov\u00E1 architektura"@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D\u0627\u062A \u0642\u062F \u062A\u0628\u062F\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062A\u064F\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0648\u063A\u0631\u064A\u0628\u0629 \u062A\u064F\u0634\u064A\u062F \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062A \u0628\u0639\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064A \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629. \u0644\u062A\u0623\u0643\u064A\u062F \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060C \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u062F\u064A\u0631\u0627\u062A \u062A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 90 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064A\u0639\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0646 \u062E\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u0645\u0645\u062A \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646 (1969). \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062D\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u062E\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064A\u0641\u064A\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u064A\u062F\u0627\u0646 \u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064A \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u064A\u064F\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u201CAmerican vernacular,\u201D\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u0645\u0633\u062D \u0648\u064A\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064A\u0641\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0636\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062D\u064A \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u062D\u062F\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062A\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u060C \u0641\u064A \u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u00AB\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u00BB (Dwellings). \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064A\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062A\u062C\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062D\u062A\u064A\u0627\u062C\u0627\u062A \u062D\u0642\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u064A\u064F\u062C\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064A \u0628\u064A\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064A\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064A \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062F\u064A\u062F \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u062F\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u064A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064A. \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0627\u0645 1946\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064A \u062D\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u062A\u062D\u064A \u0639\u064F\u064A\u0646 \u0644\u062A\u0635\u0645\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062F\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u062F\u064A\u062F\u0629 \u00AB\u0642\u0631\u0646\u0629\u00BB Gourna \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631. \u0628\u0639\u062F \u0623\u0646 \u062F\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062C\u064A\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0646\u0648\u0628\u064A (Nubians/sudan)\u060C \u0623\u062F\u0631\u062C \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0635\u0645\u064A\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062A \u0646\u0648\u0628\u064A. \u0627\u0644\u062A\u062C\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062A\u060C \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062C\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062A\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0635\u0627\u062F\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062A \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062D\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064F\u0646\u062C\u0632\u062A \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062C\u062A\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062A\u0645\u0627\u062F \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0627\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u062A\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u0645\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A: \u062A\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0627\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u064A\u060C \u0648Balkrishna \u062F\u0648\u0634\u064A\u060C (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F)\u060C \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \"Vastu-Shilpa Foundation \" \u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062F\u064A \u0623\u0644\u062F\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u064A\u0643 (Aldo van Eyck) Eyck \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064A\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u062B\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B\u0629\u060C \u0647\u0645: (Samuel Mockbee)\u060C \u0643\u0631\u064A\u0633\u062A\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062F\u0631 (Christopher Alexander) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u064A\u0631\u064A (Paolo Soleri). (Paul Oliver)\u060C \u0641\u064A \u0643\u062A\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u060C \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064A\u0644\u064A: \u062D\u062A\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064A\u0648\u062C\u062F \u062A\u0639\u0631\u064A\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062D \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u062A\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062A\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064A\u062C\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062A\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u063A\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0627."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "La arquitectura popular, como el arte popular, es la arquitectura de las clases populares, realizada por los propios usuarios o por artesanos, los cuales construyen diversos tipos de edificios como los alojamientos de las \u00E1reas rurales, as\u00ED como diversos tipos de edificaciones auxiliares destinadas a fines propios o secundarios, relacionados con la vida y el trabajo como pueden ser las construcciones para uso agr\u00EDcola, como corrales, pallozas, h\u00F3rreos, bordas, palapas, trojas, etc."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'arquitectura popular, com l'art folkl\u00F2ric, \u00E9s l'arquitectura de les classes populars, realitzada pels mateixos usuaris o per artesans amb escassa instrucci\u00F3, els quals construeixen diversos tipus d'edificis, b\u00E0sicament allotjaments d'\u00E0mbits rurals, aix\u00ED com diferents tipus de cub\u00EDculs destinats a finalitats pr\u00F2pies o auxiliars relacionats amb la vida i el treball, com poden ser les construccions per a usos agr\u00EDcoles, els corrals, les pallisses, els graners, les bordes, etc."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "L'arquitectura popular, com l'art folkl\u00F2ric, \u00E9s l'arquitectura de les classes populars, realitzada pels mateixos usuaris o per artesans amb escassa instrucci\u00F3, els quals construeixen diversos tipus d'edificis, b\u00E0sicament allotjaments d'\u00E0mbits rurals, aix\u00ED com diferents tipus de cub\u00EDculs destinats a finalitats pr\u00F2pies o auxiliars relacionats amb la vida i el treball, com poden ser les construccions per a usos agr\u00EDcoles, els corrals, les pallisses, els graners, les bordes, etc. Les construccions i edificis d'arquitectura popular s\u00F3n funcionals, ja que s'adeq\u00FCen sempre a la finalitat prevista i als materials de construcci\u00F3 de qu\u00E8 hom disposa en el lloc; es caracteritzen per una gran economia de volum i obra, ja que els constructors cerquen l'estalvi de treball i materials; aix\u00F2 comporta l'\u00FAs de materials locals o procedents d'indrets i comarques properes; tamb\u00E9 implica que en la construcci\u00F3 s'emprin t\u00E8cniques senzilles l'origen de les quals es remunta al passat i s'han transm\u00E8s de generaci\u00F3 en generaci\u00F3 mitjan\u00E7ant la tradici\u00F3 oral. Arquitectura popular o arquitectura vernacular s\u00F3n termes que s'apliquen indistintament a les construccions o edificis que presenten una s\u00E8rie de trets o caracter\u00EDstiques tipol\u00F2giques comunes en determinats \u00E0mbits geogr\u00E0fics de diversa extensi\u00F3, per exemple l'arquitectura aranesa, que \u00E9s una varietat de l'arquitectura pirinenca, pr\u00F2pia de la Vall d'Aran. La teoria i la hist\u00F2ria de l'arquitectura s'han ocupat, tradicionalment, de l'estudi dels monuments, de l'obra d'arquitectes, dels corrents i \u00ABestils de l'arquitectura culta\u00BB, tot deixant de costat l'\u00ABarquitectura sense arquitectes\u00BB, la qual representa el 90% dels espais on la humanitat viu i treballa, front al 10% que representen els edificis i espais de l'\u00ABarquitectura culta\u00BB. L'arqueologia ens ha descobert l'inter\u00E8s del context d'un monument en investigar tant els temples, palaus o tombes, com la ciutat sencera, que constitueix el m\u00E9s expressiu testimoni de la civilitzaci\u00F3 que va crear la cultura els monuments de la qual admirem. El professor Amos Rapoport, en el seu llibre Vivienda y cultura, estableix tres categories per a l'arquitectura: la culta, la primitiva i la vernacla; dins d'aquesta darrera estableix una divisi\u00F3 addicional entre arquitectura vernacla preindustrial o postindustrial; malgrat que el mateix autor assenyala el car\u00E0cter una mica arbitrari d'aquesta subdivisi\u00F3, aix\u00ED com el fet indiscutible que les tres categories no constitueixen una classificaci\u00F3 tancada sin\u00F3 \u00FAnicament l'expressi\u00F3 d'unes refer\u00E8ncies fonamentals, car les fronteres entre una o altre s\u00F3n, tot sovint, imprecises i les influ\u00E8ncies actuen, de fet, en totes direccions. L'arquitectura primitiva \u00E9s la categoria m\u00E9s f\u00E0cil de delimitar, ja que s'associa a l'arquitectura de les societats definides com a primitives per l'antropologia, ja siguin les societats primitives actuals o cultures hist\u00F2riques que a la fi del neol\u00EDtic realitzaren les primeres construccions les restes de les quals han arribat fins a nosaltres; s\u00F3n les societats que s'establiren a la vall del Nil, Palestina, S\u00EDria, Mesopot\u00E0mia o Anat\u00F2lia, que van evolucionar vers la hist\u00F2ria; s\u00F3n tamb\u00E9 les cultures neol\u00EDtiques de diferents comarques d'Europa que s'extingiren sense deixar una her\u00E8ncia consistent als pobles que les van succeir. L'arquitectura popular seria l'equivalent a l'arquitectura vernacla preindustrial; pressuposa i \u00E9s complement\u00E0ria de l'arquitectura culta, ja que ambdues van evolucionar a partir de l'arquitectura primitiva. D'altra part, l'arquitectura popular reflecteix els models de l'arquitectura culta, ja que les classes populars, hist\u00F2ricament sotmeses, imiten el comportament i els models est\u00E8tics de les classes dominants. La historiografia de l'arquitectura moderna ha presentat la construcci\u00F3 dels h\u00E0bitats tradicionals com un element amb significat cultural elevat, aix\u00ED hi ha la citaci\u00F3 del llibre Arquitectura in nuce de l'arquitecte i historiador de l'arquitectura moderna Bruno Zevi: En les indagacions sobre arquitectura \u00ABmenor\u00BB s'han descobert, certament, cabanes de pastors, graners, refugis de muntanya i altres que tenen efectiva validesa art\u00EDstica; en aquests casos no hi ha d'haver problema de m\u00E8tode, ja que es tracta de legitimar-los en la hist\u00F2ria arquitect\u00F2nica tot ampliant el seu camp i recordant l'admirable observaci\u00F3 de Leonardo: \u00ABles estances, o en veritat els habitatges petits, estan plens d'enginy, no aix\u00ED els grans\u2026\u00BB."@ca . . . . . . . . . . "\uD1A0\uC18D\uAC74\uCD95(\u571F\u4FD7\u5EFA\u7BC9, Vernacular architecture)\uC740 \uD559\uBB38\uC801 \uC804\uBB38\uAC00\uC5D0 \uC758\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC740 \uAC74\uCD95\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . . . . . . . . . . "Vernaculaire architectuur of volksarchitectuur, vaak aangeduid met de Engelse term vernacular architecture, omvat bouwwerken die niet door architecten zijn ontworpen. Vernaculaire architectuur biedt met lokaal beschikbare materialen en een vaak over langere tijd ge\u00EBvolueerde, traditionele bouwtechnische kennis een antwoord op heel plaatselijke noden. Volgens schattingen is zo'n 90% van alle bouwwerken in de wereld 'vernaculair'. De term omvat alles van eenvoudige hutten tot doe-het-zelf verbouwingen van stedelijke woningen en is dus zeker niet voorbehouden voor 'primitieve', niet-westerse constructies. Een voorbeeld van vernaculaire architectuur in West-Europa, en misschien vooral in Vlaanderen, is de koterij van veranda's, garages, schuurtjes, duivenhokken en tuinhuisjes aan de achterkant"@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Architettura spontanea (non-pedigreed architecture) \u00E8 una definizione dello storico e architetto Bernard Rudofsky che descrive quelle forme architettoniche-edilizie che appartengono alla tradizione pi\u00F9 antica dell'uomo: dalle tende dei popoli nomadi alle tombe celtiche fino ai portici come dispositivo urbano e che non sono attribuibili a nessun progettista o autore in particolare. Questa architettura \u00E8 definibile anche come \"anonima\", \"rurale\", \"nativa\", \"indigena\", \"vernacolare\", \"tradizionale\"."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . "Arquitectura popular"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lidov\u00E1 architektura je projev stavebn\u00ED \u010Dinnosti s vlastnostmi v ur\u010Dit\u00E9 oblasti, stav\u011Bn\u00E1 v\u011Bt\u0161inou sv\u00E9pomoc\u00ED. V\u011Bt\u0161inou se pou\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED m\u00EDstn\u011B dostupn\u00E9 zdroje a tradice k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ED m\u00EDstn\u00EDch pot\u0159eb. Tradi\u010Dn\u00ED lidov\u00E1 architektura byla realizovan\u00E1 v\u011Bt\u0161inou sv\u00E9pomocn\u011B. Lidov\u00E1 architektura je siln\u011B nav\u00E1z\u00E1na na prost\u0159ed\u00ED, v n\u011Bm\u017E vznik\u00E1, hlavn\u011B materi\u00E1ln\u011B. V n\u011Bkter\u00FDch jazyc\u00EDch se tato architektura naz\u00FDv\u00E1 , v n\u011Bm\u010Din\u011B zase tradi\u010Dn\u00ED. M\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt v kontrastu ke pl\u00E1novan\u00E9 architektu\u0159e, kter\u00E1 je charakterizov\u00E1na stylistick\u00FDmi prvky konstrukce a z\u00E1m\u011Brn\u011B za\u010Dlen\u011Bn\u00FDmi estetick\u00FDmi prvky, kter\u00E9 jdou nad r\u00E1mec stavebn\u00EDho funk\u010Dn\u00EDho po\u017Eadavku. Znalosti stav\u011Bn\u00ED lidov\u00E9 architektury jsou podlo\u017Eeny m\u00EDstn\u00ED tradic\u00ED, z velk\u00E9 \u010D\u00E1sti (ale nejen) jde o znalosti z\u00EDskan\u00E9 metodou pokus\u016F a omyl\u016F v pr\u016Fb\u011Bhu generac\u00ED, na rozd\u00EDl od geometrick\u00FDch a fyzik\u00E1ln\u00EDch v\u00FDpo\u010Dt\u016F, kter\u00E9 jsou z\u00E1kladem architektury pl\u00E1novan\u00E9, projektovan\u00E9 \u0161kolen\u00FDmi architekty. To ov\u0161em nebr\u00E1n\u00ED tomu, aby architekti pou\u017E\u00EDvali lidovou architektury ve sv\u00FDch vzorech."@cs . . . . . . . "Vernaculaire architectuur of volksarchitectuur, vaak aangeduid met de Engelse term vernacular architecture, omvat bouwwerken die niet door architecten zijn ontworpen. Vernaculaire architectuur biedt met lokaal beschikbare materialen en een vaak over langere tijd ge\u00EBvolueerde, traditionele bouwtechnische kennis een antwoord op heel plaatselijke noden. Volgens schattingen is zo'n 90% van alle bouwwerken in de wereld 'vernaculair'. De term omvat alles van eenvoudige hutten tot doe-het-zelf verbouwingen van stedelijke woningen en is dus zeker niet voorbehouden voor 'primitieve', niet-westerse constructies. Een voorbeeld van vernaculaire architectuur in West-Europa, en misschien vooral in Vlaanderen, is de koterij van veranda's, garages, schuurtjes, duivenhokken en tuinhuisjes aan de achterkant van woonlinten. Bekend zijn ook de sloppenwijken en favela's uit de Derde wereld. In landen met strenge regelgeving rond bouwen en wonen, is nogal wat vernaculaire architectuur niet in overeenstemming met de wet. Er wordt zonder de nodige vergunning gebouwd, of buiten de juiste bestemmingsgebieden. Het begrip is verwant aan . Traditionele architectuur kan in tegenstelling tot vernaculaire architectuur wel gebruikmaken van elementen uit de formele bouwcultuur en kan bijvoorbeeld ook paleizen of tempels omvatten. Bovendien is niet alle vernaculaire architectuur traditioneel; er kan een onderscheid gemaakt worden tussen traditionele architectuur die strikt binnen de folklore van een bepaalde gemeenschap kadert, wat men in het Engels folk architecture noemt, en architectuur die ge\u00EFnspireerd is door populaire cultuur en dus ook elementen van buiten de traditionele gemeenschap incorporeert, wat men in het Engels popular architecture zou kunnen noemen."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . "La arquitectura popular, como el arte popular, es la arquitectura de las clases populares, realizada por los propios usuarios o por artesanos, los cuales construyen diversos tipos de edificios como los alojamientos de las \u00E1reas rurales, as\u00ED como diversos tipos de edificaciones auxiliares destinadas a fines propios o secundarios, relacionados con la vida y el trabajo como pueden ser las construcciones para uso agr\u00EDcola, como corrales, pallozas, h\u00F3rreos, bordas, palapas, trojas, etc."@es . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lidov\u00E1 architektura je projev stavebn\u00ED \u010Dinnosti s vlastnostmi v ur\u010Dit\u00E9 oblasti, stav\u011Bn\u00E1 v\u011Bt\u0161inou sv\u00E9pomoc\u00ED. V\u011Bt\u0161inou se pou\u017E\u00EDvaj\u00ED m\u00EDstn\u011B dostupn\u00E9 zdroje a tradice k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ED m\u00EDstn\u00EDch pot\u0159eb. Tradi\u010Dn\u00ED lidov\u00E1 architektura byla realizovan\u00E1 v\u011Bt\u0161inou sv\u00E9pomocn\u011B. Lidov\u00E1 architektura je siln\u011B nav\u00E1z\u00E1na na prost\u0159ed\u00ED, v n\u011Bm\u017E vznik\u00E1, hlavn\u011B materi\u00E1ln\u011B. V n\u011Bkter\u00FDch jazyc\u00EDch se tato architektura naz\u00FDv\u00E1 , v n\u011Bm\u010Din\u011B zase tradi\u010Dn\u00ED."@cs . . . . . . . . . "Der Begriff traditionelle Architektur (auch traditionelles Bauen, heimisches oder lokales Bauen) beschreibt Bauweisen und -verfahren, bei denen lokale Materialien und Bautraditionen zum Einsatz kommen, um konkrete Bauaufgaben zu erf\u00FCllen. Die entstehenden Bauwerke definieren in ihrer Gesamtheit eine wiedererkennbare regionale Architektursprache mit typischen Bauformen. Oft sind diese Bauformen auch nach einer Region benannt, wie zum Beispiel das Schwarzwaldhaus."@de . . . . . . . . . . . . "L\u2019architecture vernaculaire est un type d'architecture commun\u00E9ment r\u00E9pandu dans un pays, un territoire ou une aire donn\u00E9s \u00E0 une \u00E9poque donn\u00E9e."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uD1A0\uC18D\uAC74\uCD95"@ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u2014 \u043D\u0435\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0444\u0456\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043C \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043C\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0433 \u0456 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439. \u041F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0442\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043E \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044C-\u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0438 \u0456 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044C-\u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445, \u0433\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0456\u0432\u0435\u043B\u044C. \u0421\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0454 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438. \u041D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0447\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0435 \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430, \u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0430, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0442\u0456\u043B\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u044C."@uk . . "Vernacular architecture is building done outside any academic tradition, and without professional guidance. This category encompasses a wide range and variety of building types, with differing methods of construction, from around the world, both historical and extant, representing the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies. Vernacular architecture constitutes 95% of the world's built environment, as estimated in 1995 by Amos Rapoport, as measured against the small percentage of new buildings every year designed by architects and built by engineers."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Traditionelle Architektur"@de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\uD1A0\uC18D\uAC74\uCD95(\u571F\u4FD7\u5EFA\u7BC9, Vernacular architecture)\uC740 \uD559\uBB38\uC801 \uC804\uBB38\uAC00\uC5D0 \uC758\uD558\uC9C0 \uC54A\uC740 \uAC74\uCD95\uC744 \uB9D0\uD55C\uB2E4."@ko . "A arquitectura vernacular \u00E9 a arquitectura caracterizada pelo uso de materiais e conhecimentos locais, geralmente sem a supervis\u00E3o de arquitectos profissionais. A arquitetura vernacular representa a maioria dos edif\u00EDcios e assentamentos criados nas sociedades pr\u00E9-industriais e inclui uma gama muito ampla de edif\u00EDcios, tradi\u00E7\u00F5es construtivas e m\u00E9todos de constru\u00E7\u00E3o. Os edif\u00EDcios vernaculares s\u00E3o tipicamente simples e pr\u00E1ticos, sejam casas residenciais ou constru\u00EDdas para outros fins. Embora englobe 95% do ambiente constru\u00EDdo do mundo, a arquitetura vernacular tende a ser negligenciada nas hist\u00F3rias tradicionais de design. N\u00E3o \u00E9 um estilo espec\u00EDfico, portanto n\u00E3o pode ser destilado em uma s\u00E9rie de padr\u00F5es, materiais ou elementos f\u00E1ceis de digerir. Devido ao uso de m\u00E9todos tradicionais de constru\u00E7\u00E3o e construtores locais, edif\u00EDcios vernaculares s\u00E3o considerados parte de uma cultura regional. A arquitetura vernacular pode ser contrastada com a arquitetura de elite e educada, que se caracteriza por elementos estil\u00EDsticos de design intencionalmente incorporados para fins est\u00E9ticos que v\u00E3o al\u00E9m das exig\u00EAncias funcionais de um edif\u00EDcio. Este artigo tamb\u00E9m cobre o termo arquitectura tradicional, que existe algures entre os dois extremos, mas que ainda se baseia em temas aut\u00EAnticos."@pt . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629 (Vernacular architecture) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064F\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u064A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0644\u062A\u0635\u0646\u064A\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062F \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062A\u0627\u062D\u0629 \u0645\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0627 \u0644\u062A\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062D\u062A\u064A\u0627\u062C\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062D\u0644\u064A\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u0645\u064A\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062A \u0644\u062A\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064A\u0626\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064A\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0627\u0631\u064A\u062E\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u0648\u062C\u062F\u062A \u0628\u0629. \u063A\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u064F\u0641\u0636\u062A \u0628\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062E\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060C \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u064A\u062F\u064A\u0646 \u064A\u062F\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064A\u062A\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0635\u0645\u064A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u064A.\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060C \u064A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u064F\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u062E\u0627\u0635 \u063A\u064A\u0631 \u0645\u062D\u062A\u0631\u0641\u064A\u0646\u060C \u0623\u064A \u062F\u0648\u0646 \u062A\u062F\u062E\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062F\u0633\u064A\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u064A\u0646. \u064A\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0644\u064A\u062F\u064A\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063A\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062A\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064A\u062F\u060C \u064A\u064F\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062A\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0646 \u062D\u062F\u064A\u062B \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u060C \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062A\u064F\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u062F\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u0647\u064A \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629."@ar . . . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F, \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u2014 \u043D\u0435\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043C \u043D\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043A\u0443\u0441\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u044F\u043C. \u041F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A \u043B\u044E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0435 \u0438 \u043B\u044E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u043B\u044B\u0445, \u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0435\u043A. \u0421\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044B. \u0412 \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044B, \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435, \u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0435, \u0432\u043E\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439."@ru . . . . . "Arsitektur vernakular adalah arsitektur yang terbentuk dari proses yang berangsur lama dan berulang-ulang sesuai dengan perilaku, kebiasaan, dan kebudayaan di tempat asalnya. Vernakular, berasal dari bahasa Latin, yaitu vernacullus yang berarti lokal, domestik, asli, pribumi. Pembentukan arsitektur berangsur dengan sangat lama sehingga sikap bentuknya akan mengakar. Latar belakang indonesia yang amat luas dan memiliki banyak pulau menyebabkan perbedaan budaya yang cukup banyak dan arsitektur merupakan salah satu parameter kebudayaan yang ada di indonesia karena biasanya arsitektur terkait dengan sistem sosial, keluarga, sampai ritual keagamaan."@in . "Architecture vernaculaire"@fr . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430"@ru . . . . . . . "Architettura spontanea (non-pedigreed architecture) \u00E8 una definizione dello storico e architetto Bernard Rudofsky che descrive quelle forme architettoniche-edilizie che appartengono alla tradizione pi\u00F9 antica dell'uomo: dalle tende dei popoli nomadi alle tombe celtiche fino ai portici come dispositivo urbano e che non sono attribuibili a nessun progettista o autore in particolare. Questa architettura \u00E8 definibile anche come \"anonima\", \"rurale\", \"nativa\", \"indigena\", \"vernacolare\", \"tradizionale\"."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Arquitectura popular"@ca . . . . . . . "Vernaculaire architectuur"@nl . . . . . . . . . . "Vernacular architecture"@en . . "\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064A\u0629"@ar . "A arquitectura vernacular \u00E9 a arquitectura caracterizada pelo uso de materiais e conhecimentos locais, geralmente sem a supervis\u00E3o de arquitectos profissionais. A arquitetura vernacular representa a maioria dos edif\u00EDcios e assentamentos criados nas sociedades pr\u00E9-industriais e inclui uma gama muito ampla de edif\u00EDcios, tradi\u00E7\u00F5es construtivas e m\u00E9todos de constru\u00E7\u00E3o. Os edif\u00EDcios vernaculares s\u00E3o tipicamente simples e pr\u00E1ticos, sejam casas residenciais ou constru\u00EDdas para outros fins."@pt . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u30F4\u30A1\u30CA\u30AD\u30E5\u30E9\u30FC\u5EFA\u7BC9"@ja . . "\u041D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430\u044F, \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u043A\u0443\u043B\u044F\u0440\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u2014 \u043D\u0435\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043E\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043E \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043C \u043D\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u043A\u0443\u0441\u043E\u0432\u044B\u043C \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C \u0438 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0438\u044F\u043C. \u041F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A \u043B\u044E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u044D\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0435 \u0438 \u043B\u044E\u0431\u043E\u0439 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u043B\u044B\u0445, \u0445\u043E\u0437\u044F\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0435\u043A. \u0421\u0435\u043B\u044C\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044B. \u0412 \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044B, \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0435, \u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0435, \u0432\u043E\u043F\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E\u0432\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0439 \u043E\u043F\u044B\u0442 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439."@ru . . . . . . "\u041D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u2014 \u043D\u0435\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043E\u043D\u0456\u0444\u0456\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0433\u0435\u043D\u0435\u0437\u0430 \u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0440\u044F\u0434\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043C \u0444\u0430\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430\u043C \u0437\u0430\u043C\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0441\u043C\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0433 \u0456 \u043C\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043D\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0446\u0456\u0439. \u041F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0442\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043E \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044C-\u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u0435\u043F\u043E\u0445\u0438 \u0456 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044C-\u044F\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0445, \u0433\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0456\u0432\u0435\u043B\u044C. \u0421\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0454 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043C \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438. \u041D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0456\u0442\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0447\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0435 \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0430, \u0430 \u043A\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0430, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0432\u0442\u0456\u043B\u0438\u043B\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0456\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043F\u043E\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0456\u043D\u044C."@uk . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Arquitetura vernacular"@pt . "857633"^^ . . . "1122852667"^^ . . . . . . . "L\u2019architecture vernaculaire est un type d'architecture commun\u00E9ment r\u00E9pandu dans un pays, un territoire ou une aire donn\u00E9s \u00E0 une \u00E9poque donn\u00E9e."@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Arsitektur vernakular"@in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .