. . . . . . . . . . . . . "Even on the Commons file page, the English names given for each callout number are not given with a certainty. In addition. the original labels given for each callout number were in Russian, so these English terms might be simple translations of the Russian labels, which does not mean the English labels are the accurate terms used for such parts in military and costuming English. A source or two is needed to figure out the appropriate English terms."@en . "Epaulette"@en . . . "Xarretera"@ca . . . "\u80A9\u7AE0\uFF08\u3051\u3093\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3001\u304B\u305F\u3057\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u80A9\u306E\u7DDA\u306B\u6CBF\u3063\u3066\u88C5\u7740\u3055\u308C\u308B\u7D30\u9577\u3044\u5E03\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u30E2\u30FC\u30EB\u7D10\u7B49\u3067\u3067\u304D\u305F\u4ED8\u5C5E\u54C1\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5F62\u72B6\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6570\u7A2E\u985E\u306B\u5206\u985E\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u8A9E\u3067\u306F\u5168\u3066\u80A9\u7AE0\u3068\u79F0\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u80A9\u306B\u4ED8\u3051\u308B\u968E\u7D1A\u7AE0\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3082\u80A9\u7AE0\u3068\u547C\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u82F1\u8A9E\u3067\u306F\u7A2E\u985E\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306A\u308A\u3001Epaulette (en)\u3001Shoulder mark (en)\u3001Shoulder knot\u3001Shoulder board\u3001Shoulder cord\u7B49\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002Epaulette\u304C\u7DCF\u79F0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u308B\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u80A9\u306B\u4ED8\u3051\u308B\u968E\u7D1A\u7AE0\u306FShoulder mark (en) \u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . "Se llama charretera a la divisa militar de oro, plata, seda o lana que se asegura al hombro y cuyos hilos o flecos, llamados canelones, cuelgan sobre la parte superior del brazo, sirviendo a un mismo tiempo de distintivo y de adorno. Tambi\u00E9n han sido habituales las charreteras figuradas de cart\u00F3n, metal u otro material en las clases de tropa. Otra acepci\u00F3n de charretera era la de tira de pa\u00F1o, seda u otro material que se sobrepon\u00EDa al extremo inferior del calz\u00F3n para sujetarlo a la pierna por medio de una hebilla peque\u00F1a (tambi\u00E9n llamada jarretera)."@es . . . . "Charretera"@es . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0415\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0442"@uk . "\u042D\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0301\u0442\u044B (\u0444\u0440. \u00E9paulettes \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432. \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u0438\u043A\u0438\u00BB \u043E\u0442 \u00E9paule \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u043E\u00BB), \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043A, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u044C\u0435 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0435. \u042D\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0442\u044B \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u0438 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432 XVIII\u2014XIX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0445, \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D, \u043D\u043E \u043A \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0412 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043B\u0438\u0448\u044C \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u043C\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F."@ru . "Dragona \u00E9 uma pe\u00E7a met\u00E1lica ornada com franjas de fios de seda ououro, e era usada como distintivo no ombro do uniforme militar. Come\u00E7ou a fazer parte do fardamento militar ainda no s\u00E9culo XVIII. Deixou de ser acess\u00F3rio obrigat\u00F3rio com a moderniza\u00E7\u00E3o das for\u00E7as armadas e de seguran\u00E7a militares nacionais, que ocorreu em per\u00EDodo anterior e contempor\u00E2neo \u00E0 Segunda Guerra Mundial, ou seja, nos anos 1930 e 1940, sendo utilizadas, nos dias atuais, em uniformes hist\u00F3ricos ou de guarda. Via de regra, s\u00E3o utilizadas nos uniformes dos militares atuais as \"platinas\" ou \"charlateiras\", acess\u00F3rios mais simples que indicam posto ou gradua\u00E7\u00E3o dos militares que a utilizam."@pt . . . . . . "Epaulette (/\u02C8\u025Bp\u0259l\u025Bt/; also spelled epaulet) is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. Flexible metal epaulettes (usually made from brass) are referred to as shoulder scales. In the French and other armies, epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade. It may bear rank or other insignia, and should not be confused with a shoulder mark \u2013 also called a shoulder board, rank slide, or slip-on \u2013 a flat cloth sleeve worn on the shoulder strap of a uniform (although the two terms are often used interchangeably)."@en . . . . . . . . "\uACAC\uC7A5(\u80A9\u7AE0)\uC740 \uC815\uC7A5\u318D\uC57D\uC7A5\uACFC \uACAC\uC7A5\u318D\uC218\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C \uAD6C\uBD84\uB418\uB294 \uACC4\uAE09\uC7A5 \uC911 \uD558\uB098\uB85C, \uAD70\uC778, \uACBD\uCC30\uAD00 \uB4F1\uC774 \uC81C\uBCF5\uC758 \uC5B4\uAE68\uC5D0 \uBD99\uC774\uB294, \uC9C1\uC704\uB098 \uACC4\uAE09\uC744 \uBC1D\uD788\uB294 \uD45C\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C, \uC5B4\uAE68 \uB77C\uC778\uC744 \uB530\uB77C \uC7A5\uCC29\uB418\uB294 \uCC9C \uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uB9CC\uB4E0 \uBD80\uC18D\uD488\uC774\uB2E4. \uBAA8\uC591\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uC5EC\uB7EC \uC885\uB958\uB85C \uBD84\uB958\uB418\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uD55C\uAD6D\uC5B4\uB85C\uB294 \uBAA8\uB450 \uACAC\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C \uBD88\uB9B0\uB2E4. \uC601\uC5B4\uB294 \uC885\uB958\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uB2E4\uB974\uBA70 Epaulette, Shoulder strap, Shoulder knot, Shoulder board, Shoulder cord \uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uBD88\uB9AC\uACE0\uC788\uB2E4. Epaulette\uC774 \uCD1D\uCE6D\uC73C\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0\uB3C4 \uC788\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC5B4\uAE68\uC5D0 \uBD99\uC774\uB294 \uACC4\uAE09\uC7A5\uC740 Shoulder mark\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4."@ko . "\u80A9\u7AE0\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u56FA\u5B9A\u65BC\u8863\u670D\u80A9\u818A\u90E8\u4F4D\u7684\uFF0C\u5E38\u898B\u65BC\u8ECD\u968A\u3001\u8B66\u5BDF\u3001\u6D88\u9632\u3001\u6D77\u5DE1\u3001\u4FDD\u5B89\u4EBA\u54E1\u3001\u6A5F\u5E2B\u3001\u6D77\u54E1\u4E43\u81F3\u6551\u4E16\u8ECD\u3001\u7AE5\u5B50\u8ECD\u7B49\u8ECD\u4E8B\u3001\u6E96\u8ECD\u4E8B\u6216\u985E\u8ECD\u4E8B\u7D44\u7E54\u7684\u5236\u670D\u4E0A\u3002\u80A9\u7AE0\u4E00\u822C\u914D\u4EE5\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u88DD\u98FE\u7269\u6216\u6A19\u8A18\u7B26\u865F\uFF0C\u7528\u65BC\u8FA8\u8B58\u4F69\u6234\u8005\u6240\u5C6C\u7684\u8077\u52D9\u548C\u8077\u968E\u3002\u9664\u4E86\u4E4B\u5916\uFF0C\u5728\u6642\u5C1A\u670D\u88DD\u7684\u8A2D\u8A08\u65B9\u9762\u4E5F\u5F80\u5F80\u63A1\u7528\u80A9\u7AE0\u4F5C\u70BA\u3001\u98A8\u8863\u7B49\u51AC\u5B63\u6642\u88DD\u7684\u80A9\u90E8\u88DD\u98FE\u7269\u3002"@zh . . . "L\u2019\u00E9paulette est un ornement de passementerie situ\u00E9 sur l'\u00E9paule d'un uniforme militaire. Les \u00E9paulettes sont diff\u00E9rentes selon les armes et les grades."@fr . "L\u2019\u00E9paulette est un ornement de passementerie situ\u00E9 sur l'\u00E9paule d'un uniforme militaire. Les \u00E9paulettes sont diff\u00E9rentes selon les armes et les grades."@fr . . . . "Le controspalline, nappina o spalline a frange, sono un tipo di ornamento abbottonato sulla spalla delle uniformi militari, su cui si portano i distintivi del grado militare o di una organizzazione., possono essere munite di nappe (frange in corda) e prendono il nome di nappine Esse possono essere agganciate all'uniforme anche attraverso un pezzo di stoffa o di altro materiale che le fa aderire correttamente alla spalla. La loro foggia, il colore, il materiale, il diametro e la grandezza delle frange (nappa) sono utilizzate solitamente per distinguere i vari ranghi. Anche se anticamente esse erano utilizzate anche sull'uniforme da campo, le spalline vengono oggi utilizzate soprattutto sulle uniformi da cerimonia o su quelle storiche."@it . "La xarretera o espatlleta \u00E9s un ornament b\u00E0sicament militar (a voltes policial o civil), met\u00E0l\u00B7lic o de roba, que es duu sobre l'espatlla de la pe\u00E7a superior (casaca, guerrera, capot\u2026) i t\u00E9 forma de musclera rematada en una pala rodona d'on penja un feix de cordonets. El mot catal\u00E0 xarretera prov\u00E9 del franc\u00E8s jarreti\u00E8re ('garrotera'), segurament a trav\u00E9s de l'espanyol charretera, i equival a l'espanyol charretera; al franc\u00E8s \u00E9paulette; a l'itali\u00E0 spallina; al portugu\u00E8s dragona; al roman\u00E8s epolet; a l'alemany Epaulette; a l'angl\u00E8s epaulette (epaulet als EUA); al rus \u044D\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0442 (epolet del franc\u00E8s '\u00E9paulette'); etc., etc. La xarretera es fixa a l'espatlla de la pe\u00E7a superior: \n* per l'extrem interior, passant el trau per un bot\u00F3 de vora el coll; \n* per la zona central, mitjan\u00E7ant un passador de xarretera (cosit de trav\u00E9s), o b\u00E9 amb lla\u00E7os lligats a la musclera o passats per ullets ad-hoc. La funci\u00F3 de les xarreteres \u00E9s indicar el grau militar del portador. Al principi aix\u00F2 s'aconseguia \u00FAnicament per forma, color, material, grand\u00E0ria, etc.; almenys des d'inicis del segle xix, a m\u00E9s a m\u00E9s, s'hi acullen les divises. El m\u00E9s habitual \u00E9s dur dues xarreteres, una en cada espatlla. Emper\u00F2, en molts ex\u00E8rcits i en determinats per\u00EDodes certs graus inferiors en duien nom\u00E9s una, o b\u00E9 portaven a l'altra espatlla l'anomenada contraxarretera (angl. counter-epaulette, esp. capona, fr. contre-\u00E9paulette, it. controspallina\u2014el mateix mot que designa la 'musclera'--, port. charlateira, rom. contraepolet), id\u00E8ntica a la xarretera per\u00F2 sense cordonets. Les xarreteres sorgiren en el segle xviii al si de l'ex\u00E8rcit franc\u00E8s i foren cel\u00E8ricament imitades pels altres ex\u00E8rcits eur\u00F2pids. Foren el sistema est\u00E0ndard d'indicaci\u00F3 del grau militar fins que, a partir del darrer ter\u00E7 del segle xix, i en les noves condicions de combat, llurs visibilitat i aparatositat extremes les feren obsoletes, de manera que foren abandonades en favor de la generalitzaci\u00F3 de muscleres de roba (generalment fixes) i de divises dutes directament sobre l'uniforme (a la musclera, al coll, a la m\u00E0niga...). En les armades, i tamb\u00E9 en alguns ex\u00E8rcits com el rus, les xarreteres foren substitu\u00EFdes per les pales. De llavors en\u00E7\u00E0 les xarreteres es reserven exclusivament per a gran gala en aquells ex\u00E8rcits que les han conservades. Tipus especials de xarretera, o elements estretament emparentats, i que alhora tenen en com\u00FA la manca de pala i de cordonets penjants, s\u00F3n: \n* la xarretera d'aleta (angl. wing, esp. charretera de almohadilla, it. spallina all'inglese o spallina a salamino, port. granadeira), rematada en una pe\u00E7a en forma de mitja lluna que cobreix la costura de la m\u00E0niga en el contacte amb el cos de la pe\u00E7a superior. Origin\u00E0riament tenia com a funci\u00F3 d'impedir que s'escol\u00E9s el corretjam. T\u00EDpica de certs cossos de la infanteria brit\u00E0nica d'en\u00E7\u00E0 el segle xviii, fou imitada per altres ex\u00E8rcits. \n* la xarretera de tr\u00E8vol (angl. trefoil epaulette, fr. \u00E9paulette en tr\u00E8fle, it. spallina a trifoglio o spallina intrecciata), rematada en tres nusos gruixuts que suggereixen un tr\u00E8vol. \n* el niu d'oreneta o niu d'oronella (al. Schwalbennest, angl. wing o swallow's nest, esp. nido de golondrina, fr. nid d'hirondelle, it. nido di rondine), rematat en una pe\u00E7a en forma de semicircumfer\u00E8ncia ornamentada amb franges. D'origen alemany, \u00E9s caracter\u00EDstic de l'uniforme de gala dels m\u00FAsics militars en for\u00E7a ex\u00E8rcits. En el per\u00EDode de plena vig\u00E8ncia de les xarreteres hi hagu\u00E9 sistemes alternatius d'indicaci\u00F3 del grau, entre els quals hom pot citar: \n* el cord\u00F3 trenat sobre l'espatlla (damunt la musclera o directament sobre l'uniforme), a la manera de nus hongar\u00E8s. \n* les divises dutes directament sobre el passador de xarretera (angl. epaulette strap o passant, esp. falsa charretera, fr. noeud d'\u00E9paulette, passant o attente d'\u00E9paule, it. passante per spallina). Fou el sistema caracter\u00EDstic de l'ex\u00E8rcit dels EUA durant la segona meitat del segle xix, quan les xarreteres ja s'havien reservat per a gala per\u00F2 encara no es duien les divises directament sobre l'uniforme. Aquest sistema \u00E9s for\u00E7a familiar per als espectadors de western. L'ex\u00E8rcit japon\u00E8s l'us\u00E0, per a uniformes altres que de gala, fins a mitjan segle xx. Tamb\u00E9 es podien veure passadors de xarretera, per exemple, en l'uniforme de passeig de l'oficialitat francesa d'entreguerres, pel fet que es tractava del de gala per\u00F2 dut sense xarreteres."@ca . . . "28460"^^ . . . . "Een epaulet (uit het Frans: \u00E9paulette, wat schoudertje betekent) is een versiering die op de beide schouders van een jas of overhemd wordt gedragen. Hiertoe moet de schouder van de jas of het overhemd van een speciale korte band voorzien zijn, die in de mouwinzet is vastgenaaid en bij de hals met een knoop wordt vastgemaakt. De epaulet moet dan om deze band geschoven worden, waarna de band met de knoop wordt vastgemaakt. De functie van een epaulet is oorspronkelijk het afweren van sabelhouwen op de daarvoor zo kwetsbare schouder. Een bijkomend effect van de epauletten is dat de drager breder lijkt. De brede schouders geven hem een mannelijker voorkomen. Epauletten zijn gebruikelijk bij veel uniformen; ze tonen het rangonderscheidingsteken dat aangeeft van welke rang of dienst de drager van de epaulet is. Het is dus een herkenningsteken. In Nederland zijn de epauletten in de jaren 1970 sterk vereenvoudigd. Ook op de brandwerende pakken die door formule 1-coureurs (alsmede andere autocoureurs) gedragen worden, zitten epauletten. Deze zitten stevig vastgenaaid en dienen om een eventueel bewusteloze coureur makkelijk uit zijn auto te kunnen tillen. Een epaulet wordt ook wel -onterecht- \"schuifpassant\" genoemd. Dit omdat de schuifpassant (plat buisvormig), die de rang toont, over de lus (epaulet) van het overhemd of jas wordt geschoven."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Een epaulet (uit het Frans: \u00E9paulette, wat schoudertje betekent) is een versiering die op de beide schouders van een jas of overhemd wordt gedragen. Hiertoe moet de schouder van de jas of het overhemd van een speciale korte band voorzien zijn, die in de mouwinzet is vastgenaaid en bij de hals met een knoop wordt vastgemaakt. De epaulet moet dan om deze band geschoven worden, waarna de band met de knoop wordt vastgemaakt."@nl . . . . . . . . "2"^^ . "3"^^ . . "1"^^ . . "6"^^ . . "7"^^ . . "4"^^ . "5"^^ . "10"^^ . . . "8"^^ . "9"^^ . . "\u0643\u062A\u0641\u064A\u0629"@ar . . "\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u064A\u062C \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062A\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . "Epaulet"@nl . . . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062A\u0641\u064A\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u064A\u062C \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062A\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062A\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0629\u060C \u062A\u0633\u062A\u062E\u062F\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u062A\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064A\u0629."@ar . ""@en . . . . . "\u042D\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0301\u0442\u044B (\u0444\u0440. \u00E9paulettes \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432. \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u0438\u043A\u0438\u00BB \u043E\u0442 \u00E9paule \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u043E\u00BB), \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u043D\u0438\u043A, \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u044C\u0435 \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043B\u0435\u0447\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044F \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043E\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u043E\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0435. \u042D\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0442\u044B \u0431\u044B\u043B\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u043D\u044B \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0438\u044F\u0445 \u0438 \u0444\u043B\u043E\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432 XVIII\u2014XIX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430\u0445, \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0432 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043E\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u043E\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043E\u0439\u043D, \u043D\u043E \u043A \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u0430\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438 \u0432\u044B\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F. \u0412 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0438\u043B\u0438\u0441\u044C \u043B\u0438\u0448\u044C \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0438 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0433\u043E\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043F\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u043C\u0443\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F."@ru . . . . . "Le controspalline, nappina o spalline a frange, sono un tipo di ornamento abbottonato sulla spalla delle uniformi militari, su cui si portano i distintivi del grado militare o di una organizzazione., possono essere munite di nappe (frange in corda) e prendono il nome di nappine"@it . . . . . . "\uACAC\uC7A5(\u80A9\u7AE0)\uC740 \uC815\uC7A5\u318D\uC57D\uC7A5\uACFC \uACAC\uC7A5\u318D\uC218\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C \uAD6C\uBD84\uB418\uB294 \uACC4\uAE09\uC7A5 \uC911 \uD558\uB098\uB85C, \uAD70\uC778, \uACBD\uCC30\uAD00 \uB4F1\uC774 \uC81C\uBCF5\uC758 \uC5B4\uAE68\uC5D0 \uBD99\uC774\uB294, \uC9C1\uC704\uB098 \uACC4\uAE09\uC744 \uBC1D\uD788\uB294 \uD45C\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C, \uC5B4\uAE68 \uB77C\uC778\uC744 \uB530\uB77C \uC7A5\uCC29\uB418\uB294 \uCC9C \uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uB9CC\uB4E0 \uBD80\uC18D\uD488\uC774\uB2E4. \uBAA8\uC591\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uC5EC\uB7EC \uC885\uB958\uB85C \uBD84\uB958\uB418\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uD55C\uAD6D\uC5B4\uB85C\uB294 \uBAA8\uB450 \uACAC\uC7A5\uC73C\uB85C \uBD88\uB9B0\uB2E4. \uC601\uC5B4\uB294 \uC885\uB958\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uB2E4\uB974\uBA70 Epaulette, Shoulder strap, Shoulder knot, Shoulder board, Shoulder cord \uB4F1\uC73C\uB85C \uBD88\uB9AC\uACE0\uC788\uB2E4. Epaulette\uC774 \uCD1D\uCE6D\uC73C\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uB294 \uACBD\uC6B0\uB3C4 \uC788\uC9C0\uB9CC, \uC5B4\uAE68\uC5D0 \uBD99\uC774\uB294 \uACC4\uAE09\uC7A5\uC740 Shoulder mark\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4."@ko . "Eine Epaulette (veraltet das Epaulett; frz. \u00E9paulette, zu \u00E9paule \u201ESchulter\u201C) z\u00E4hlt zu dem Schulterbesatz einer Uniform. Im Deutschen bezeichnet man so \u00FCblicherweise eine spezielle Form, die sich von der einfachen Schulterklappe oder dem eleganteren Schulterst\u00FCck unterscheidet. Der Epaulette sehr \u00E4hnlich sind die Schulterschuppen, bei denen Schieber und oft auch das Feld komplett mit Metallschuppen besetzt sind. Dies war bspw. bei der s\u00E4chsischen Kavallerie bis 1914 Praxis. Bei der US-Kavallerie geh\u00F6rten sie, unter der Beichnung shoulder scales, bis zu Beginn des Sezessionskrieges zur Paradeuniform der Mannschaften. Nur sehr entfernt verwandt sind die Schulterketten aus engmaschigen Metallgeflecht. Solche shoulder chains werden in der britischen Yeomanry von Mannschaften und Offizieren, von letzteren mit Rangsternen, getragen. Schulterketten kamen zuerst in der Kavallerie der britischen Indienarmee auf. Sie k\u00F6nnen als \u00DCberbleibsel der mittelalterlichen Kettenr\u00FCstung angesehen werden. In abgewandelter Form haben sich Epauletten und Schulterketten l\u00E4ngst auch zu Accessoires der Zivilkleidung entwickelt, und sind bspw. bei der Rocker- und Punkmode, aber auch bei festlicher Damengarderobe anzutreffen."@de . . . . . . . . . "La xarretera o espatlleta \u00E9s un ornament b\u00E0sicament militar (a voltes policial o civil), met\u00E0l\u00B7lic o de roba, que es duu sobre l'espatlla de la pe\u00E7a superior (casaca, guerrera, capot\u2026) i t\u00E9 forma de musclera rematada en una pala rodona d'on penja un feix de cordonets. El mot catal\u00E0 xarretera prov\u00E9 del franc\u00E8s jarreti\u00E8re ('garrotera'), segurament a trav\u00E9s de l'espanyol charretera, i equival a l'espanyol charretera; al franc\u00E8s \u00E9paulette; a l'itali\u00E0 spallina; al portugu\u00E8s dragona; al roman\u00E8s epolet; a l'alemany Epaulette; a l'angl\u00E8s epaulette (epaulet als EUA); al rus \u044D\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0442 (epolet del franc\u00E8s '\u00E9paulette'); etc., etc."@ca . . . . . . "\u80A9\u7AE0"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ep\u00E5lett (av franska \u00E9paulette, av franska \u00E9paule axel) eller axelstycke \u00E4r en del av vissa uniformer.Den \u00E4r oftast gjord av metall och \u00F6verkl\u00E4dd med textil, ofta guldf\u00E4rgad. Den b\u00E4rs f\u00E4st p\u00E5 axeln (en p\u00E5 varje) p\u00E5 kavaj eller jacka. Ep\u00E5letten \u00E4r en kvarleva fr\u00E5n riddarrustningen och var ursprungligen avsedd att vara skydd mot hugg. En f\u00F6reg\u00E5ngare till ep\u00E5letten var en axelprydnad av sn\u00F6re, som nedtill slutade i en tjock knut, och den anv\u00E4ndes under senare delen av 1700-talet. Ur den uppstod den r\u00F6da, v\u00E4vda ep\u00E5lett med fransar som under revolutionstiden anlades i Frankrike och som d\u00E4r anv\u00E4ndes \u00E4nda till 1900-talet. Till officersuniformen anlades ep\u00E5letter av metall ungef\u00E4r samtidigt."@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u80A9\u7AE0\uFF08\u3051\u3093\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3001\u304B\u305F\u3057\u3087\u3046\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u80A9\u306E\u7DDA\u306B\u6CBF\u3063\u3066\u88C5\u7740\u3055\u308C\u308B\u7D30\u9577\u3044\u5E03\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u30E2\u30FC\u30EB\u7D10\u7B49\u3067\u3067\u304D\u305F\u4ED8\u5C5E\u54C1\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u5F62\u72B6\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6570\u7A2E\u985E\u306B\u5206\u985E\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u65E5\u672C\u8A9E\u3067\u306F\u5168\u3066\u80A9\u7AE0\u3068\u79F0\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u80A9\u306B\u4ED8\u3051\u308B\u968E\u7D1A\u7AE0\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3082\u80A9\u7AE0\u3068\u547C\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u82F1\u8A9E\u3067\u306F\u7A2E\u985E\u306B\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306A\u308A\u3001Epaulette (en)\u3001Shoulder mark (en)\u3001Shoulder knot\u3001Shoulder board\u3001Shoulder cord\u7B49\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002Epaulette\u304C\u7DCF\u79F0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u308B\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u80A9\u306B\u4ED8\u3051\u308B\u968E\u7D1A\u7AE0\u306FShoulder mark (en) \u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "March 2018"@en . . . . "\uACAC\uC7A5"@ko . "Dragona \u00E9 uma pe\u00E7a met\u00E1lica ornada com franjas de fios de seda ououro, e era usada como distintivo no ombro do uniforme militar. Come\u00E7ou a fazer parte do fardamento militar ainda no s\u00E9culo XVIII. Deixou de ser acess\u00F3rio obrigat\u00F3rio com a moderniza\u00E7\u00E3o das for\u00E7as armadas e de seguran\u00E7a militares nacionais, que ocorreu em per\u00EDodo anterior e contempor\u00E2neo \u00E0 Segunda Guerra Mundial, ou seja, nos anos 1930 e 1940, sendo utilizadas, nos dias atuais, em uniformes hist\u00F3ricos ou de guarda."@pt . . . . "Controspallina"@it . . . . "\u0415\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0301\u0442 (\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0444\u0440. epaulette, \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u2014 \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043A\u043E\u00BB) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0456. \u0423 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0439\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u0437 \u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043A\u0443."@uk . . "\u80A9\u7AE0\uFF0C\u662F\u4E00\u7A2E\u56FA\u5B9A\u65BC\u8863\u670D\u80A9\u818A\u90E8\u4F4D\u7684\uFF0C\u5E38\u898B\u65BC\u8ECD\u968A\u3001\u8B66\u5BDF\u3001\u6D88\u9632\u3001\u6D77\u5DE1\u3001\u4FDD\u5B89\u4EBA\u54E1\u3001\u6A5F\u5E2B\u3001\u6D77\u54E1\u4E43\u81F3\u6551\u4E16\u8ECD\u3001\u7AE5\u5B50\u8ECD\u7B49\u8ECD\u4E8B\u3001\u6E96\u8ECD\u4E8B\u6216\u985E\u8ECD\u4E8B\u7D44\u7E54\u7684\u5236\u670D\u4E0A\u3002\u80A9\u7AE0\u4E00\u822C\u914D\u4EE5\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u88DD\u98FE\u7269\u6216\u6A19\u8A18\u7B26\u865F\uFF0C\u7528\u65BC\u8FA8\u8B58\u4F69\u6234\u8005\u6240\u5C6C\u7684\u8077\u52D9\u548C\u8077\u968E\u3002\u9664\u4E86\u4E4B\u5916\uFF0C\u5728\u6642\u5C1A\u670D\u88DD\u7684\u8A2D\u8A08\u65B9\u9762\u4E5F\u5F80\u5F80\u63A1\u7528\u80A9\u7AE0\u4F5C\u70BA\u3001\u98A8\u8863\u7B49\u51AC\u5B63\u6642\u88DD\u7684\u80A9\u90E8\u88DD\u98FE\u7269\u3002"@zh . . "Eine Epaulette (veraltet das Epaulett; frz. \u00E9paulette, zu \u00E9paule \u201ESchulter\u201C) z\u00E4hlt zu dem Schulterbesatz einer Uniform. Im Deutschen bezeichnet man so \u00FCblicherweise eine spezielle Form, die sich von der einfachen Schulterklappe oder dem eleganteren Schulterst\u00FCck unterscheidet. In abgewandelter Form haben sich Epauletten und Schulterketten l\u00E4ngst auch zu Accessoires der Zivilkleidung entwickelt, und sind bspw. bei der Rocker- und Punkmode, aber auch bei festlicher Damengarderobe anzutreffen."@de . . . . . . "\u042D\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0442"@ru . . . . . "Epaulette"@de . . . . . "Ep\u00E5lett (av franska \u00E9paulette, av franska \u00E9paule axel) eller axelstycke \u00E4r en del av vissa uniformer.Den \u00E4r oftast gjord av metall och \u00F6verkl\u00E4dd med textil, ofta guldf\u00E4rgad. Den b\u00E4rs f\u00E4st p\u00E5 axeln (en p\u00E5 varje) p\u00E5 kavaj eller jacka. Ep\u00E5letten \u00E4r en kvarleva fr\u00E5n riddarrustningen och var ursprungligen avsedd att vara skydd mot hugg. En f\u00F6reg\u00E5ngare till ep\u00E5letten var en axelprydnad av sn\u00F6re, som nedtill slutade i en tjock knut, och den anv\u00E4ndes under senare delen av 1700-talet. Ur den uppstod den r\u00F6da, v\u00E4vda ep\u00E5lett med fransar som under revolutionstiden anlades i Frankrike och som d\u00E4r anv\u00E4ndes \u00E4nda till 1900-talet. Till officersuniformen anlades ep\u00E5letter av metall ungef\u00E4r samtidigt. Gradbeteckning placerades ofta p\u00E5 ep\u00E5letten. \u00C4ven f\u00F6rekomst av nedh\u00E4ngande fransar (buljoner) kunde utm\u00E4rka grad. Gradbeteckningar kunde \u00E4ven vara fastsydda p\u00E5 ep\u00E5lettslejfen som \u00E4r fastsydd i vapenrocken. Detta f\u00F6rekom bland annat i den amerikanska arm\u00E9n och den franska flottan. Denna typ av gradbeteckning kunde d\u00E5 anv\u00E4ndas \u00E4ven n\u00E4r ep\u00E5letten inte bars. Kring f\u00F6rra sekelskiftet var bruket av ep\u00E5letter i hela v\u00E4rlden f\u00F6rknippat med paraduniform och motsvarande h\u00F6gtidsdr\u00E4kter utom f\u00F6r lansi\u00E4rer, chevaux-l\u00E9geres och ulaner i Ryssland och de tyska staterna d\u00E4r de bars till daglig dr\u00E4kt av traditionella milit\u00E4rsociala sk\u00E4l."@sv . "\u80A9\u7AE0"@zh . . . . . "Se llama charretera a la divisa militar de oro, plata, seda o lana que se asegura al hombro y cuyos hilos o flecos, llamados canelones, cuelgan sobre la parte superior del brazo, sirviendo a un mismo tiempo de distintivo y de adorno. Tambi\u00E9n han sido habituales las charreteras figuradas de cart\u00F3n, metal u otro material en las clases de tropa. Otra acepci\u00F3n de charretera era la de tira de pa\u00F1o, seda u otro material que se sobrepon\u00EDa al extremo inferior del calz\u00F3n para sujetarlo a la pierna por medio de una hebilla peque\u00F1a (tambi\u00E9n llamada jarretera)."@es . . . "Epaulette (/\u02C8\u025Bp\u0259l\u025Bt/; also spelled epaulet) is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. Flexible metal epaulettes (usually made from brass) are referred to as shoulder scales."@en . . . . . "Dragona"@pt . . . "Ep\u00E5lett"@sv . . . . . . "1114274205"^^ . "\u00C9paulette (militaire)"@fr . . . . . "March 2018"@en . . "332280"^^ . . . "\u0415\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0435\u0301\u0442 (\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0444\u0440. epaulette, \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u2014 \u00AB\u043F\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043A\u043E\u00BB) \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u043F\u043B\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u043A \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0456. \u0423 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u043C\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0439\u0448\u043B\u0438 \u0437 \u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043A\u0443."@uk . . .