. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Doctor of Philosophy"@en . . . . "Doctor of Philosophy"@ja . "Doctor of Philosophy"@nl . . . . . . "En el mundo anglosaj\u00F3n, el t\u00EDtulo Doctor en Filosof\u00EDa (en ingl\u00E9s: Doctor of Philosophy; abreviado PhD, Ph. D. o DPhil) es un diploma de doctorado especializado en investigaci\u00F3n en \u00E1reas tan diversas como las ciencias sociales y econ\u00F3micas; \u00E1reas cient\u00EDficas, m\u00E9dicas o de las humanidades. En otros pa\u00EDses, com Espa\u00F1a o Francia, el t\u00EDtulo de Doctor en Filosof\u00EDa alude, en cambio, a la persona que se ha doctorado en esa precisa especialidad. Las personas que aparecen en las fotograf\u00EDas de la derecha no llevan indumentaria de doctor, la cual implica el uso de birrete y el color propio de la especialidad (en Espa\u00F1a, en el caso de un doctor en filosof\u00EDa el birrete y la parte superior de la toga es de color azul cielo) Debido a la influencia anglosajona, el apelativo PhD y similares suele utilizar"@es . . "Ph.D. je zkratka (p\u016Fvodn\u011B z lat. philosophi\u00E6 doctor) akademick\u00E9ho titulu doktor, kter\u00FD lze z\u00EDskat vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00FDm studiem v doktorsk\u00E9m studijn\u00EDm programu v mnoha zem\u00EDch po cel\u00E9m sv\u011Bt\u011B. Je to nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ED titul, kter\u00E9ho je mo\u017En\u00E9 dos\u00E1hnout studiem. Ph.D. tedy ozna\u010Duje nositele doktor\u00E1tu, p\u0159i\u010Dem\u017E v n\u011Bkter\u00FDch zem\u00EDch se jedn\u00E1 o alternativu doctor philosophiae (Doctor of Philosophy), n\u011Bkde tak\u00E9 b\u00FDv\u00E1 zkracov\u00E1no jako DPhil, \u010Di Dr. phil., ve sv\u011Bt\u011B \u010Dasto tak\u00E9 ve zkratce PhD. (nap\u0159. na Slovensku), jinde ve sv\u011Bt\u011B tak\u00E9 \u010Dasto jako PhD; ozna\u010Duje se tak obecn\u011B mezin\u00E1rodn\u011B uzn\u00E1van\u00FD akademicko-v\u011Bdeck\u00FD titul z\u00EDskan\u00FD na univerzit\u011B v t\u0159et\u00EDm cyklu studia, uv\u00E1d\u011Bn\u00FD za jm\u00E9nem (odd\u011Blen \u010D\u00E1rkou), kter\u00FD p\u0159edstavuje v\u011Bdeckou hodnost doktora. Pokud se tento titul uv\u00E1d\u00ED p\u0159ed jm\u00E9nem, zkracuje se \u010Dasto jako Dr. V n\u011Bkter\u00FDch zem\u00EDch se tento titul (Ph.D. \u2013 doktor) ud\u011Bluje ve v\u0161ech oblastech (nap\u0159. v \u010Cesku), v jin\u00FDch zem\u00EDch m\u016F\u017Ee b\u00FDt pro ur\u010Dit\u00E9 oblasti vy\u010Dlen\u011Bn\u00FD jin\u00FD ekvivalent \u2013 typicky pro um\u011Bleck\u00E9 obory (nap\u0159. ArtD. \u2013 doktor um\u011Bn\u00ED), nebo p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B ekvivalentn\u00ED varianta pro n\u00E1bo\u017Eensk\u00E9 obory (nap\u0159. Th.D. \u2013 doktor teologie) atp. Vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00E9 studium se zpravidla ve sv\u011Bt\u011B rozd\u011Bluje na t\u0159i samostatn\u00E9 stupn\u011B, \u00FArovn\u011B, vzd\u011Bl\u00E1n\u00ED (studijn\u00ED programy): bakal\u00E1\u0159sk\u00E9 (bachelor's degree) \u2013 magistersk\u00E9 (master's degree) \u2013 doktorsk\u00E9 (doctor's degree, doctoral degree, doctorate), doktor\u00E1t zde tedy p\u0159edstavuje nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ED mo\u017En\u00FD stupe\u0148 vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00E9ho vzd\u011Bl\u00E1n\u00ED dosa\u017Een\u00FD studiem (8 v ISCED) a je po\u017Eadavkem pro pr\u00E1ci na univerzit\u011B jako profesor, pracovn\u00EDk ve v\u00FDzkumu, \u010Di v\u011Bdec, v mnoha oborech. V Evrop\u011B uveden\u00E9 \u010Dlen\u011Bn\u00ED v 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ED sjednotil tzv. Bolo\u0148sk\u00FD proces, co\u017E byl proces, kter\u00FDm se ozna\u010Dovala mezin\u00E1rodn\u00ED harmonizace v oblasti vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00E9ho studia \u2013 p\u0159\u00ED\u010Dinou jeho zaveden\u00ED byla porovnatelnost v jednotliv\u00FDch zem\u00EDch, ur\u010Dit\u00E1 standardizace v t\u00E9to oblasti, resp. tak\u00E9 usnadn\u011Bn\u00ED studia na jin\u00E9 vysok\u00E9 \u0161kole v zahrani\u010D\u00ED \u2013 d\u016Fsledkem pak bylo mj. zaveden\u00ED t\u011Bchto stup\u0148\u016F studia, t\u0159\u00ED cykl\u016F, nebo p\u0159echod na tzv. kreditov\u00FD syst\u00E9m (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System, tedy ECTS). Orienta\u010Dn\u011B lze uv\u00E9st, \u017Ee bakal\u00E1\u0159sk\u00E9 studium trv\u00E1 v\u011Bt\u0161inou t\u0159i roky (3-4), p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u00E9 navazuj\u00EDc\u00ED magistersk\u00E9 studium dal\u0161\u00ED dva roky (1-3), a pr\u00E1v\u011B doktorsk\u00E9 studium pak zpravidla dal\u0161\u00ED \u010Dty\u0159i roky (3-4) na vysok\u00E9 \u0161kole, nicm\u00E9n\u011B studium nez\u00E1le\u017E\u00ED prim\u00E1rn\u011B na letech, ale pr\u00E1v\u011B na z\u00EDskan\u00FDch kreditech (nap\u0159. v \u010CR pro Ph.D. je t\u0159eba v\u011Bt\u0161inou z\u00EDskat 240 kredit\u016F, tedy 60 ECTS za akademick\u00FD rok). Po\u017Eadavky pro z\u00EDsk\u00E1n\u00ED Ph.D. jsou odli\u0161n\u00E9 v z\u00E1vislosti na zemi, instituci a \u010Dasov\u00E9m obdob\u00ED ud\u011Blov\u00E1n\u00ED. B\u011Bhem studia, kter\u00E9 vede k nabyt\u00ED t\u00E9to kvalifikace, b\u00FDv\u00E1 takov\u00FDto student \u010Dasto ozna\u010Dov\u00E1n jako doktorand (doctoral student) \u010Di PhD student (event. t\u00E9\u017E doctoral candidate, Ph.D. candidate). Uchaze\u010D o Ph.D. mus\u00ED p\u0159edlo\u017Eit projekt, svou pr\u00E1ci \u2013 disertaci, \u010Dasto obsahuj\u00EDc\u00ED v\u00FDsledky origin\u00E1ln\u00EDho v\u00FDzkumu, kter\u00FD je v principu natolik hodnotn\u00FD, aby mohl b\u00FDt uve\u0159ejn\u011Bn v recenzovan\u00E9m \u010Dasopise. V mnoha zem\u00EDch takov\u00FDto kandid\u00E1t mus\u00ED obh\u00E1jit tuto pr\u00E1ci p\u0159ed komis\u00ED zkou\u0161ej\u00EDc\u00EDch odborn\u00EDk\u016F jmenovan\u00FDch univerzitou. V kontextu akademick\u00E9ho titulu \u2013 term\u00EDn \u201Efilozofie\u201C (philosophiae) zde neodkazuje v\u00FDhradn\u011B na oblast akademick\u00E9 discipl\u00EDny filosofie, ale je zde pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n v \u0161ir\u0161\u00EDm slova smyslu v souladu s p\u016Fvodn\u00EDm \u0159eck\u00FDm v\u00FDznamem, kter\u00FD znamen\u00E1 \u201El\u00E1ska k moudrosti\u201C. Ve v\u011Bt\u0161in\u011B Evropy v\u0161echny oblasti (historie, filosofie, humanitn\u00ED v\u011Bdy, matematika a p\u0159\u00EDrodn\u00ED v\u011Bdy) jin\u00E9 ne\u017E teologie, pr\u00E1vo a medic\u00EDna (tzv. profesn\u00ED, odborn\u00E9 nebo technick\u00E9) byly tradi\u010Dn\u011B zn\u00E1m\u00E9 jako filosofie a v N\u011Bmecku a jinde v Evrop\u011B z\u00E1kladn\u00ED fakulta svobodn\u00FDch um\u011Bn\u00ED byla zn\u00E1ma jako filosofick\u00E1 fakulta."@cs . . . . . "Is ionann c\u00E9im docht\u00FAra (n\u00F3 c\u00E9im docht\u00FAireachta), a scr\u00EDobhtar de ghn\u00E1th mar Ph.D., n\u00F3 PhD, D.Phil n\u00F3 mar DPhil i dt\u00EDortha an Bh\u00E9arla, agus c\u00E9im iarch\u00E9ime a bhronnann ollscoileanna."@ga . . . . . . . "Il dottorato di ricerca \u00E8 il massimo titolo di studio in molti Paesi del mondo e ha come principale finalit\u00E0 quella di formare alla ricerca di alto livello e all'insegnamento universitario."@it . . . . . . . . "Ph.D."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . "September 2020"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Der Ph.D. [pi\u02D0\u203Fe\u026At\u0283 di\u02D0] (auch PhD, englisch Doctor of Philosophy, neulateinisch philosophiae doctor) ist in englischsprachigen L\u00E4ndern der wissenschaftliche Doktorgrad in fast allen F\u00E4chern und der h\u00F6chste Abschluss des Postgraduiertenstudiums. In diesen L\u00E4ndern ist der Ph.D.-Abschluss in aller Regel mit der Berechtigung verbunden, an einer Universit\u00E4t selbstst\u00E4ndig und alleinverantwortlich zu lehren."@de . . . "PhD"@pt . "\u062F\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629: Philosophiae Doctor)\u200F \u0648\u062A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0628 PhD \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0641\u064A \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u00AB\u062F\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u00BB. \u062A\u064F\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062C\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u062D\u062A \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u061B \u0641\u064A\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062F \u062A\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u062B\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Doktor filsafat (bahasa Inggris: Doctor of Philosophy) yang populer disingkat Ph.D atau Ph.D. merupakan gelar akademik tertinggi pada banyak bidang keilmuan. Istilah filsafat pada gelar akademik ini tidak bermakna doktor di bidang keilmuan filsafat, melainkan sebagai gelar penghormatan dalam tingkat kebijaksanaan (philosophia:love of wisdom) pada suatu bidang keilmuan selain bidang teologi, hukum dan medis. Istilah PhD sering merujuk pada sebutan profesor universitas."@in . "\u0414\u043E\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u0457"@uk . "Doctor of Philosophy\uFF08\u30C9\u30AF\u30BF\u30FC\u30FB\u30AA\u30D6\u30FB\u30D5\u30A3\u30ED\u30BD\u30D5\u30A3\u30FC\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u304A\u3082\u306B\u82F1\u8A9E\u570F\u3067\u6388\u4E0E\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u535A\u58EB\u6C34\u6E96\u306E\u5B66\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u76F4\u8A33\u3067\u306F\u300C\u54F2\u5B66\u535A\u58EB\u300D\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304B\u3089\u5206\u304B\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u4F1D\u7D71\u7684\u306B\u306F\u3001\u4F1D\u7D714\u5B66\u90E8\u306E\u3046\u3061\u8077\u696D\u6559\u80B2\u7CFB\u306E\u795E\u5B66\u30FB\u6CD5\u5B66\u30FB\u533B\u5B66\u3092\u9664\u3044\u305F\u300C\u54F2\u5B66\u90E8\uFF08\u306A\u3044\u3057\u6559\u990A\u90E8\uFF09\u300D\u306E\u30EA\u30D9\u30E9\u30EB\u30FB\u30A2\u30FC\u30C4\u7CFB\u306E\u5B66\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u3067\u306F\u3001\u4F1D\u7D714\u5B66\u90E8\u306E\u3046\u3061\u8077\u696D\u6559\u80B2\u7CFB\u306E\u795E\u5B66\u30FB\u6CD5\u5B66\u30FB\u533B\u5B66\u3092\u542B\u3080\u3070\u304B\u308A\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u3001\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u7A2E\u985E\u306E\u5B66\u554F\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6388\u4E0E\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002Ph.D.\u306E\u6388\u4E0E\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u308B\u306B\u306F\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u3001\u6240\u5B9A\u306E\u5728\u5B66\u671F\u9593\u306E\u5F8C\u3001\u307E\u305A\u6240\u5B9A\u79D1\u76EE\u306E\u7B46\u8A18\u8A66\u9A13\u304A\u3088\u3073\u306B\u5408\u683C\u3057\u3001\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u8ACB\u6C42\u8AD6\u6587\u3092\u63D0\u51FA\u3059\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u5F8C\u3001\u6570\u4EBA\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u3067\u69CB\u6210\u3055\u308C\u308B\u5BE9\u67FB\u59D4\u54E1\u4F1A\u306E\u53E3\u982D\u8A66\u554F\u306B\u3082\u5408\u683C\u3059\u308B\u5FC5\u8981\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u8A9E\u306E Philosophiae Doctor \u3092\u7565\u3057\u3066 Ph.D.\uFF08\u30D4\u30FC\u30FB\u30A8\u30A4\u30C1\u30FB\u30C7\u30A3\u30FC\uFF09\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3046\u3002\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u5F0F\u3067\u306F\u30D4\u30EA\u30AA\u30C9\u3092\u6253\u305F\u305A PhD \u3068\u3082\u8868\u8A18\u3059\u308B\u304C\u3001\u540C\u3058\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u3067\u3082\u30AA\u30C3\u30AF\u30B9\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30C9\u5927\u5B66\u3001\u30B5\u30BB\u30C3\u30AF\u30B9\u5927\u5B66\u3001\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5927\u5B66\u306A\u3069\u3067\u306F\u82F1\u8A9E\u8868\u8A18\u306E\u7565\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305F D.Phil. \u3068\u8868\u8A18\u3059\u308B\u3002\u3044\u305A\u308C\u306E\u5834\u5408\u3082 Ph. D. \u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u30B9\u30DA\u30FC\u30B9\u3092\u7A7A\u3051\u305F\u308A Ph.D \u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u6700\u5F8C\u306E\u30D4\u30EA\u30AA\u30C9\u3092\u7701\u7565\u3057\u305F\u308A\u306F\u3057\u306A\u3044\u3002"@ja . . . . . "139354"^^ . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u043E\u0301\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0301\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u043B\u0430\u0442. Philosophi\u00E6 Doctor, Ph.D., PhD, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F [\u043F\u0438-\u044D\u0439\u0447-\u0434\u0438]) \u2014 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044C, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043C\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u044B, \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0432\u043E \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u0412 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044C (Sc.D. = \u043B\u0430\u0442. Scientiae Doctor, \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Doctor of Science) \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 Ph.D. \u0412 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043B\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0432 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u044B\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043F\u043E \u0443\u043C\u043E\u043B\u0447\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043E\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0435 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439) \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A. \u041A\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Ph.D. thesis)."@ru . . . . . . . . "Doktoro de filozofio"@eo . . . . . "\u0414\u043E\u0301\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0301\u0444\u0456\u0457 (\u0437 \u043B\u0430\u0442. Philosophi\u00E6 Doctor, Ph.D., \u0456\u043D\u043E\u0434\u0456 PhD \u0447\u0438 DPhil, \u041C\u0424\u0410: [pi\u02D0 e\u026At\u0283 di\u02D0]) \u2014 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C \u0443 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0443. \u0412 \u0423\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0456 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043C\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u044E\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A. \u041A\u043E\u043D\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043D\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0433\u0438 \u0434\u043E \u0437\u0434\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0442\u044F \u0446\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044F \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u044F\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0437\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0430\u043B\u0435 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u044E \u0432\u0438\u043C\u043E\u0433\u043E\u044E \u0454 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0430\u043A\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043D\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F\u0445. \u0423 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044C\u043E\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0443: \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0454\u043A\u0442, \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u043B\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044E. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043F\u043E\u043B\u044F\u0433\u0430\u0454 \u0432 \u043E\u0431\u0491\u0440\u0443\u043D\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0441\u043F\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0442\u043E\u044E \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0449\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0446\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0457 \u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0442\u0438, \u0457\u0457 \u0430\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043F\u043E\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0430\u043A\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043C\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0434\u043E\u0431\u0440\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0434\u0435\u043C\u043E\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0457\u0457 \u043D\u0430\u043B\u0435\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0442\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0436\u043B\u0438\u0432\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043F\u0435\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0431\u043B\u0435\u043C\u0438. \u0412 \u0423\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0456 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0437 \u043F\u0435\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443\u043B\u044E\u044E\u0447\u0438\u0441\u044C \u0434\u043B\u044F \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0438 \u044F\u043A \u00AB\u0434\u043E\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0437 [\u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456]\u00BB. \u0414\u043B\u044F \u0437\u0434\u043E\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0442\u044F \u0446\u044C\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044F \u043E\u0441\u043E\u0431\u0430 \u043F\u043E\u0432\u0438\u043D\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u043F\u0456\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044E \u0443 \u0441\u043F\u0435\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u043E\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438. \u041F\u043E\u0434\u0456\u0431\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D \u2014 \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u043C\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u2014 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E-\u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043C\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0443 \u0442\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0447\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u043F\u0456\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0456."@uk . . "C\u00E9im docht\u00FAra"@ga . "Ph.D. je zkratka (p\u016Fvodn\u011B z lat. philosophi\u00E6 doctor) akademick\u00E9ho titulu doktor, kter\u00FD lze z\u00EDskat vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00FDm studiem v doktorsk\u00E9m studijn\u00EDm programu v mnoha zem\u00EDch po cel\u00E9m sv\u011Bt\u011B. Je to nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ED titul, kter\u00E9ho je mo\u017En\u00E9 dos\u00E1hnout studiem."@cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0414\u043E\u0301\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0301\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u043B\u0430\u0442. Philosophi\u00E6 Doctor, Ph.D., PhD, \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0438\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044F [\u043F\u0438-\u044D\u0439\u0447-\u0434\u0438]) \u2014 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044C, \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043C\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043E\u043F\u044B, \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0432\u043E \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430. \u0412 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044E\u0449\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u043D\u0435\u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044C (Sc.D. = \u043B\u0430\u0442. Scientiae Doctor, \u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Doctor of Science) \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0439 Ph.D. \u0412 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0448\u043B\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0432 \u043D\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043E\u044F\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043C\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u044B\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u043F\u043E \u0443\u043C\u043E\u043B\u0447\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044E \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044C \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043E\u043D\u0430 \u043D\u0435 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439) \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A. \u041A\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043A\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0438\u0441\u043A\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044F \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043F\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043E\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440\u0441\u043A\u0430\u044F \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044F (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Ph.D. thesis)."@ru . . . . . . . . "\uCCA0\uD559\uBC15\uC0AC(\u54F2\u5B78 \u535A\u58EB, \uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4 Philosophi\u00E6 Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D., PhD,) \uB610\uB294 \uBC15\uC0AC\uB294 \uB300\uD55C\uBBFC\uAD6D\uC758 \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0\uC11C \uC81C\uACF5\uD558\uB294 \uB300\uD559\uC6D0\uACFC\uC815\uC758 \uCD5C\uACE0 \uD559\uC704\uC774\uB2E4. \uB300\uD55C\uBBFC\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uAC04\uB2E8\uD788 \"\uBC15\uC0AC\"\uB77C\uACE0 \uCE6D\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC601\uC5B4\uB85C\uB294 \"PhD, Ph.D., DPhil, D.Phil\"\uB85C \uC904\uC5EC \uD45C\uAE30\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uCCA0\uD559\uBC15\uC0AC \uBA85\uCE6D\uC758 \"\uCCA0\uD559\"\uC740 \uD604\uB300\uC758 \uBD84\uACFC\uC801 \uCCA0\uD559\uB9CC\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uB294 \uAC83\uC740 \uC544\uB2C8\uBA70 \uC804\uCCB4\uC801 \uACFC\uD559\uBD84\uC57C\uC778 \uC778\uBB38\uACFC\uD559\uACFC \uC790\uC5F0\uACFC\uD559\uC744 \uC544\uC6B0\uB974\uB294 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uC9C0\uCE6D\uD55C\uB2E4. \uD754\uD788 \uB300\uD654\uCCB4\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uCCA0\uD559\uBC15\uC0AC\uB85C \uBD80\uB974\uC9C0 \uC54A\uACE0 \"\uBC15\uC0AC\"\uB85C \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4. \uD559\uC704 \uC218\uC900\uC740 \uD559\uC0AC\uC640 \uC11D\uC0AC\uD559\uC704\uB97C \uBC1B\uC740 \uC774\uD6C4 \uACFC\uC815\uC774\uBA70, \uBC15\uC0AC\uD559\uC704(\u535A\u58EB\u5B78\u4F4D)\uB294 \uAD6D\uAC00, \uAD50\uC721 \uAE30\uAD00\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uACFC\uC815\uC774 \uB2E4\uC591\uD558\uB2E4. \uAE30\uBCF8\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBC15\uC0AC\uB97C \uBC1B\uAE30 \uC704\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC778\uC815\uB41C \uB300\uD559\uC774\uB098 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uAE30\uAD00\uC5D0\uC11C \uAD50\uC721\uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uB9C8\uCE5C \uD6C4\uC5D0 \uC790\uACA9\uC2DC\uD5D8\uC5D0 \uD569\uACA9\uD558\uACE0 \uB17C\uBB38\uC744 \uC368\uC11C \uD1B5\uACFC\uB97C \uD574\uC57C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uD1B5\uACFC \uC804\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uD559\uC0DD\uC744 \uBC15\uC0AC \uD6C4\uBCF4\uC0DD(Ph.D. Candidate)\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4."@ko . . "Filosofie doktor (latin doctor philosophiae) \u00E4r den som efter grundutbildning vid filosofisk fakultet (humanistisk fakultet, matematisk-naturvetenskaplig fakultet eller samh\u00E4llsvetenskaplig fakultet) avlagt grundexamen och d\u00E4refter bedrivit forskarstudier (doktorerat) och avlagt f\u00F6reskrivna kunskapsprov d\u00E4rf\u00F6r och som f\u00F6rfattat och sedan vid offentlig disputation f\u00F6rsvarat en doktorsavhandling. F\u00F6r svenska filosofie doktorer anv\u00E4nds f\u00F6rkortningen fil.dr (fil. dr) eller FD. Graden motsvarar graden PhD i Norge och Danmark (i Norge finns ocks\u00E5 graden dr.philos., som kan erh\u00E5llas utan att vara antagen som doktorand eller genomg\u00E5 en forskarutbildning, men som f\u00F6ruts\u00E4tter samma examinering i en disputation som f\u00F6r PhD-graden; i Danmark skiljer man mellan PhD, som ersatte den tidigare licentiatgraden, och doktorgrad, en h\u00F6gre grad som ocks\u00E5 ger r\u00E4tt att anv\u00E4nda titeln Dr.). I Sverige anv\u00E4nds titeln teknologie doktor f\u00F6r personer som har avlagt doktorsexamen vid teknisk fakultet, men den engelska \u00F6vers\u00E4ttningen av deras titel \u00E4r \u00E4nd\u00E5 vanligen Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)."@sv . "\uCCA0\uD559\uBC15\uC0AC"@ko . . . . . . "November 2017"@en . . . . . . . . "Filosofie doktor"@sv . . . "Doctor of Philosophy"@en . . . . "Data is for Canada, not the UK"@en . . . . . . "\u54F2\u5B78\u535A\u58EB\uFF08\u62C9\u4E01\u8A9E\uFF1APhilosophi\u00E6 Doctor\uFF0C\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ADoctor of Philosophy\uFF0C\u7C21\u7A31\uFF1APhD\u3001Ph.D.\u6216D.Phil.\uFF0C\u53C8\u8B6F\u7814\u7A76\u535A\u58EB\uFF09\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1APhilosophy\u6E90\u4E8E\u5E0C\u814A\u8BED\uFF0C\u610F\u601D\u4E3A\u5BF9\u667A\u6167\u7684\u7231\u2018Love of Wisdom\u2019\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5C31\u662F\u5BF9\u667A\u6167\u7684\u8FFD\u6C42\u3002\u662F\u82F1\u7F8E\u6559\u80B2\u4F20\u7EDF\u4E2D\u7684\u5404\u56FD\uFF0C\u5176\u5927\u5B66\u53EF\u4EE5\u6388\u4E88\u7684\u6700\u9AD8\u5B66\u4F4D\uFF0C\u5DF2\u5B8C\u6210\u535A\u58EB\u9636\u6BB5\u8BFE\u7A0B\u4F46\u5C1A\u672A\u5B8C\u6210\u8BBA\u6587\u7684\u535A\u58EB\u751F\u53C8\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u535A\u58EB\u5019\u9009\u4EBA\u201D\uFF08Ph.D. candidate\uFF09\u3002\u5404\u4E13\u4E1A\u5B8C\u6210\u535A\u58EB\u8BFE\u7A0B\u4E0E\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u90FD\u6709\u53EF\u80FD\u83B7\u5F97\u54F2\u5B66\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u3002\u4F5C\u4E3A\u4E00\u79CD\u7814\u7A76\u578B\u5B66\u4F4D\uFF0C\u5E0C\u671B\u83B7\u5F97\u5B66\u4F4D\u7684\u535A\u58EB\u751F\u9700\u8981\u4F5C\u51FA\u6709\u72EC\u521B\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u5E76\u5C06\u7814\u7A76\u7ED3\u679C\u5199\u6210\u8BBA\u6587\u3001\u901A\u8FC7\u8BBA\u6587\u7B54\u8FA9\u65B9\u53EF\u83B7\u5F97\u54F2\u5B66\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u3002\u5728\u4E00\u4E9B\u82F1\u8BED\u56FD\u5BB6\uFF0C\u53D6\u5F97\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u8005\u53EF\u6839\u636E\u81EA\u8EAB\u504F\u597D\uFF0C\u5C06\u201CDr.\u201D\uFF08\u535A\u58EB\uFF09\u653E\u5728\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u540D\u5B57\u4E4B\u524D\u6216\u5728\u540D\u5B57\u540E\u63A5\u201CPh.D.\u201D\u3002\u5BF9\u8BB8\u591A\u5B66\u79D1\u9886\u57DF\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u53D6\u5F97\u54F2\u5B66\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u662F\u83B7\u5F97\u5927\u5B66\u6559\u804C\u6216\u6210\u4E3A\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u6761\u4EF6\u3002"@zh . . . . . . "\u0414\u043E\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0438\u0438"@ru . . . . "Filosofie doktor (latin doctor philosophiae) \u00E4r den som efter grundutbildning vid filosofisk fakultet (humanistisk fakultet, matematisk-naturvetenskaplig fakultet eller samh\u00E4llsvetenskaplig fakultet) avlagt grundexamen och d\u00E4refter bedrivit forskarstudier (doktorerat) och avlagt f\u00F6reskrivna kunskapsprov d\u00E4rf\u00F6r och som f\u00F6rfattat och sedan vid offentlig disputation f\u00F6rsvarat en doktorsavhandling. I Sverige anv\u00E4nds titeln teknologie doktor f\u00F6r personer som har avlagt doktorsexamen vid teknisk fakultet, men den engelska \u00F6vers\u00E4ttningen av deras titel \u00E4r \u00E4nd\u00E5 vanligen Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)."@sv . . "Doktor (\u0142ac. doctor = nauczyciel, mistrz; w skr\u00F3cie: dr) \u2013 stopie\u0144 naukowy nadawany przez jednostki naukowe (uniwersytety lub ich wydzia\u0142y, instytuty itp.) osobom, kt\u00F3re obroni\u0142y swoje rozprawy doktorskie. W Polsce stopie\u0144 doktora mo\u017Ce by\u0107 stopniem naukowym lub stopniem w zakresie sztuki. W r\u00F3\u017Cnych krajach stosowane jest r\u00F3\u017Cne nazewnictwo tego stopnia, a tak\u017Ce mo\u017Ce mie\u0107 on r\u00F3\u017Cne znaczenia, co mo\u017Ce prowadzi\u0107 do nieporozumie\u0144. R\u00F3\u017Cnice wyst\u0119puj\u0105 zw\u0142aszcza pomi\u0119dzy Europ\u0105 kontynentaln\u0105 a Wielk\u0105 Brytani\u0105 i USA."@pl . . . "Philosophi\u00E6 doctor"@fr . "En el sistema universitari angl\u00E8s, el Philosophi\u00E6 doctor (literalment 'doctor en filosofia' en llat\u00ED; abreujat PhD, Ph. D. o DPhil) \u00E9s un diploma d\u2019especialitat en recerca en \u00E0rees tan diverses com les ci\u00E8ncies socials i econ\u00F2miques; \u00E0rees cient\u00EDfiques, m\u00E8diques o de les humanitats. El terme philosophy s'utilitza amb la mateixa freq\u00FC\u00E8ncia amb la qual s'usava i difonia abans del segle xx a les universitats alemanyes, i en designa l'amor i l'estudi general de coneixements, segons resa l'etimologia de la paraula."@ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . "En el mundo anglosaj\u00F3n, el t\u00EDtulo Doctor en Filosof\u00EDa (en ingl\u00E9s: Doctor of Philosophy; abreviado PhD, Ph. D. o DPhil) es un diploma de doctorado especializado en investigaci\u00F3n en \u00E1reas tan diversas como las ciencias sociales y econ\u00F3micas; \u00E1reas cient\u00EDficas, m\u00E9dicas o de las humanidades. En otros pa\u00EDses, com Espa\u00F1a o Francia, el t\u00EDtulo de Doctor en Filosof\u00EDa alude, en cambio, a la persona que se ha doctorado en esa precisa especialidad. Las personas que aparecen en las fotograf\u00EDas de la derecha no llevan indumentaria de doctor, la cual implica el uso de birrete y el color propio de la especialidad (en Espa\u00F1a, en el caso de un doctor en filosof\u00EDa el birrete y la parte superior de la toga es de color azul cielo) Debido a la influencia anglosajona, el apelativo PhD y similares suele utilizarse de manera impropia. El t\u00E9rmino Filosof\u00EDa (philosophy) se utiliza con la misma frecuencia con la que se empleaba y difund\u00EDa antes del siglo XX en las universidades alemanas y designa el estudio general de conocimientos y el amor por los mismos, seg\u00FAn reza la etimolog\u00EDa de la palabra.\u200B\u200B"@es . . . . . . . . . "\uCCA0\uD559\uBC15\uC0AC(\u54F2\u5B78 \u535A\u58EB, \uB77C\uD2F4\uC5B4 Philosophi\u00E6 Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D., PhD,) \uB610\uB294 \uBC15\uC0AC\uB294 \uB300\uD55C\uBBFC\uAD6D\uC758 \uB300\uD559\uAD50\uC5D0\uC11C \uC81C\uACF5\uD558\uB294 \uB300\uD559\uC6D0\uACFC\uC815\uC758 \uCD5C\uACE0 \uD559\uC704\uC774\uB2E4. \uB300\uD55C\uBBFC\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uAC04\uB2E8\uD788 \"\uBC15\uC0AC\"\uB77C\uACE0 \uCE6D\uD55C\uB2E4. \uC601\uC5B4\uB85C\uB294 \"PhD, Ph.D., DPhil, D.Phil\"\uB85C \uC904\uC5EC \uD45C\uAE30\uD558\uAE30\uB3C4 \uD55C\uB2E4. \uCCA0\uD559\uBC15\uC0AC \uBA85\uCE6D\uC758 \"\uCCA0\uD559\"\uC740 \uD604\uB300\uC758 \uBD84\uACFC\uC801 \uCCA0\uD559\uB9CC\uC744 \uAC00\uB9AC\uD0A4\uB294 \uAC83\uC740 \uC544\uB2C8\uBA70 \uC804\uCCB4\uC801 \uACFC\uD559\uBD84\uC57C\uC778 \uC778\uBB38\uACFC\uD559\uACFC \uC790\uC5F0\uACFC\uD559\uC744 \uC544\uC6B0\uB974\uB294 \uBAA8\uB4E0 \uBD84\uC57C\uB97C \uC9C0\uCE6D\uD55C\uB2E4. \uD754\uD788 \uB300\uD654\uCCB4\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uCCA0\uD559\uBC15\uC0AC\uB85C \uBD80\uB974\uC9C0 \uC54A\uACE0 \"\uBC15\uC0AC\"\uB85C \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4. \uD559\uC704 \uC218\uC900\uC740 \uD559\uC0AC\uC640 \uC11D\uC0AC\uD559\uC704\uB97C \uBC1B\uC740 \uC774\uD6C4 \uACFC\uC815\uC774\uBA70, \uBC15\uC0AC\uD559\uC704(\u535A\u58EB\u5B78\u4F4D)\uB294 \uAD6D\uAC00, \uAD50\uC721 \uAE30\uAD00\uC5D0 \uB530\uB77C \uACFC\uC815\uC774 \uB2E4\uC591\uD558\uB2E4. \uAE30\uBCF8\uC801\uC73C\uB85C \uBC15\uC0AC\uB97C \uBC1B\uAE30 \uC704\uD574\uC11C\uB294 \uC778\uC815\uB41C \uB300\uD559\uC774\uB098 \uC5F0\uAD6C\uAE30\uAD00\uC5D0\uC11C \uAD50\uC721\uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uB9C8\uCE5C \uD6C4\uC5D0 \uC790\uACA9\uC2DC\uD5D8\uC5D0 \uD569\uACA9\uD558\uACE0 \uB17C\uBB38\uC744 \uC368\uC11C \uD1B5\uACFC\uB97C \uD574\uC57C \uD55C\uB2E4. \uD1B5\uACFC \uC804\uC5D0 \uC788\uB294 \uD559\uC0DD\uC744 \uBC15\uC0AC \uD6C4\uBCF4\uC0DD(Ph.D. Candidate)\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uBD80\uB978\uB2E4. \uB300\uD55C\uBBFC\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 3\uB144(6\uD559\uAE30) \uC774\uC0C1\uC758 \uBC15\uC0AC \uAD50\uC721\uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uB9C8\uCE58\uACE0, \uC790\uACA9\uC2DC\uD5D8\uC744 \uCE58\uB978 \uD6C4, \uC5F0\uAD6C \uACFC\uC815\uC744 \uD1B5\uD574 \uC9C0\uB3C4 \uAD50\uC218\uC640 \uB17C\uBB38\uC744 \uC791\uC131\uD558\uACE0 \uC2EC\uC0AC\uB97C \uBC1B\uB294\uB2E4. \uBC15\uC0AC \uB17C\uBB38\uC2EC\uC0AC\uB294 5\uBA85\uC758 \uC2EC\uC0AC\uC704\uC6D0\uC73C\uB85C \uAD6C\uC131\uB418\uBA70, \uC774\uC911 \uC678\uBD80 \uC2EC\uC0AC\uC704\uC6D0 1\uBA85\uC744 \uAE30\uBCF8\uC73C\uB85C \uD3EC\uD568\uD574\uC57C \uD558\uBA70, \uC678\uBD80 \uC2EC\uC0AC\uC704\uC6D0\uC740 2\uBA85\uAE4C\uC9C0 \uC694\uCCAD\uD560 \uC218 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . "January 2017"@en . . . . . . . "21031297"^^ . "Doktoro de Filozofio (mallongigo Ph.D. de la latina Philosophiae Doctor) estas la plej altnivela akademia grado, alju\u011Data pro kompletigo de scienca (akademia) laboro. Kvankam dekomence \u011Di estis alju\u011Data nur en filozofio, nun ekzistaj doktoraj gradoj en \u0109iuj sciencoj."@eo . . "\u0414\u043E\u0301\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0301\u0444\u0456\u0457 (\u0437 \u043B\u0430\u0442. Philosophi\u00E6 Doctor, Ph.D., \u0456\u043D\u043E\u0434\u0456 PhD \u0447\u0438 DPhil, \u041C\u0424\u0410: [pi\u02D0 e\u026At\u0283 di\u02D0]) \u2014 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C \u0443 \u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0443. \u0412 \u0423\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0456 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043C\u043A\u0430\u0445 \u0435\u043A\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0442\u0443 \u043F\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043D\u044E\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u0434\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0435\u043D\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A."@uk . . . "\u062F\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629"@ar . . . "Um Doutor, abreviado nos pa\u00EDses angl\u00F3fonos como PhD, Ph.D., DPhil ou D.Phil. (do Latim philosophiae doctor ou doctor philosophiae), \u00E9 um t\u00EDtulo fornecido pelas universidades reconhecido como grau terminal nos pa\u00EDses de l\u00EDngua inglesa. \u00C9 o maior grau acad\u00EAmico e universit\u00E1rio que \u00E9 conferido ao final de um curso de estudos na maioria dos pa\u00EDses. PhDs s\u00E3o conferidos em programas acad\u00EAmicos das mais variadas \u00E1reas. Por ser um grau obtido atrav\u00E9s de pesquisa cient\u00EDfica, aqueles que estudam para obter um PhD devem produzir uma pesquisa original que expanda os limites do conhecido da \u00E1rea, na forma de uma tese ou disserta\u00E7\u00E3o e defend\u00EA-la diante de peritos na \u00E1rea. O PhD \u00E9 comumente o requisito para a contrata\u00E7\u00E3o de um professor universit\u00E1rio, pesquisador ou cientista em v\u00E1rias \u00E1reas de conhecimento. Os indiv\u00EDduos que obt\u00E9m o PhD podem usar o t\u00EDtulo de \"doutor\", em geral abreviado para Dr.. Aqueles que lecionam ou trabalham em ambientes acad\u00EAmicos, de pesquisa ou educacionais geralmente usam o t\u00EDtulo como forma de reconhecimento e respeito. Os requerimentos espec\u00EDficos para a obten\u00E7\u00E3o de um PhD variam de pa\u00EDs para pa\u00EDs, institui\u00E7\u00E3o, at\u00E9 per\u00EDodo hist\u00F3rico. Nos estudos que levam \u00E0 obten\u00E7\u00E3o do t\u00EDtulo, o estudante \u00E9 chamado de \"aluno de doutorado\" ou \"aluno de PhD\". O estudante que tenha completado todo o seu curso, passado pela banca de avalia\u00E7\u00E3o e defendido sua tese/disserta\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 chamado de \"candidato a doutorado\" ou \"candidato a PhD\". O candidato a PhD deve submeter um projeto ou tese consistindo no corpo principal da pesquisa acad\u00EAmica que, em princ\u00EDpio, est\u00E1 pronta para publica\u00E7\u00E3o em um peri\u00F3dico revisado por pares. Em muitos pa\u00EDses, o candidato deve defender seu trabalho perante uma banca examinadora indicada pela universidade. Algumas universidades possuem outros tipos de doutorado, como o Doutor em Artes Musicais (D.M.A.) para m\u00FAsicos e profissionais da m\u00FAsica e o Doutor em Educa\u00E7\u00E3o (Ed.D.), para profissionais da educa\u00E7\u00E3o. Em 2005, a Associa\u00E7\u00E3o das Universidades Europeias definiram os \"Princ\u00EDpios de Salzburgo\", que consistem em dez princ\u00EDpios b\u00E1sicos para o processo de obten\u00E7\u00E3o de doutorados com base no . A estes se seguiram os \"Princ\u00EDpios de Floren\u00E7a\", em 2016, que consistem em sete princ\u00EDpios b\u00E1sicos para doutorados em artes. Em alguns pa\u00EDses como China e Jap\u00E3o, candidatos em \u00E1reas como engenharia e farm\u00E1cia, que nos pa\u00EDses ocidentais obteriam doutorados espec\u00EDficos como Doutor em Engenharia (EngD) e Doutor em Farm\u00E1cia (PharmD), recebem o t\u00EDtulo de PhD. Tamb\u00E9m acontece de esses diplomas, ao serem traduzidos para o ingl\u00EAs, venham com o t\u00EDtulo de PhD. Nestes pa\u00EDses a distin\u00E7\u00E3o profissional entre os doutorados \u00E9 menos significativa. O termo \"filosofia\" neste t\u00EDtulo n\u00E3o se relaciona apenas ao campo da filosofia propriamente dita, mas prov\u00E9m do sentido grego da palavra, que \u00E9 amor ao conhecimento. Na Europa, os campos como hist\u00F3ria, filosofia, ci\u00EAncias sociais, matem\u00E1tica e hist\u00F3ria natural, diferente de teologia, medicina e direito, eram todos, tradicionalmente, conhecidos como \"filosofia\" e o curso b\u00E1sico da faculdade de artes liberais tamb\u00E9m era conhecido como \"faculdade de filosofia\"."@pt . "Proud graduates.jpg"@en . . . . . . . "Doctor of Philosophy\uFF08\u30C9\u30AF\u30BF\u30FC\u30FB\u30AA\u30D6\u30FB\u30D5\u30A3\u30ED\u30BD\u30D5\u30A3\u30FC\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u304A\u3082\u306B\u82F1\u8A9E\u570F\u3067\u6388\u4E0E\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u535A\u58EB\u6C34\u6E96\u306E\u5B66\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u76F4\u8A33\u3067\u306F\u300C\u54F2\u5B66\u535A\u58EB\u300D\u3068\u306A\u308B\u3053\u3068\u304B\u3089\u5206\u304B\u308B\u3088\u3046\u306B\u3001\u4F1D\u7D71\u7684\u306B\u306F\u3001\u4F1D\u7D714\u5B66\u90E8\u306E\u3046\u3061\u8077\u696D\u6559\u80B2\u7CFB\u306E\u795E\u5B66\u30FB\u6CD5\u5B66\u30FB\u533B\u5B66\u3092\u9664\u3044\u305F\u300C\u54F2\u5B66\u90E8\uFF08\u306A\u3044\u3057\u6559\u990A\u90E8\uFF09\u300D\u306E\u30EA\u30D9\u30E9\u30EB\u30FB\u30A2\u30FC\u30C4\u7CFB\u306E\u5B66\u4F4D\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305F\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u3067\u306F\u3001\u4F1D\u7D714\u5B66\u90E8\u306E\u3046\u3061\u8077\u696D\u6559\u80B2\u7CFB\u306E\u795E\u5B66\u30FB\u6CD5\u5B66\u30FB\u533B\u5B66\u3092\u542B\u3080\u3070\u304B\u308A\u3067\u306F\u306A\u304F\u3001\u69D8\u3005\u306A\u7A2E\u985E\u306E\u5B66\u554F\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6388\u4E0E\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3002Ph.D.\u306E\u6388\u4E0E\u3092\u53D7\u3051\u308B\u306B\u306F\u4E00\u822C\u7684\u306B\u3001\u6240\u5B9A\u306E\u5728\u5B66\u671F\u9593\u306E\u5F8C\u3001\u307E\u305A\u6240\u5B9A\u79D1\u76EE\u306E\u7B46\u8A18\u8A66\u9A13\u304A\u3088\u3073\u306B\u5408\u683C\u3057\u3001\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u8ACB\u6C42\u8AD6\u6587\u3092\u63D0\u51FA\u3059\u308B\u3002\u305D\u306E\u5F8C\u3001\u6570\u4EBA\u306E\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u3067\u69CB\u6210\u3055\u308C\u308B\u5BE9\u67FB\u59D4\u54E1\u4F1A\u306E\u53E3\u982D\u8A66\u554F\u306B\u3082\u5408\u683C\u3059\u308B\u5FC5\u8981\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002 \u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u8A9E\u306E Philosophiae Doctor \u3092\u7565\u3057\u3066 Ph.D.\uFF08\u30D4\u30FC\u30FB\u30A8\u30A4\u30C1\u30FB\u30C7\u30A3\u30FC\uFF09\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3046\u3002\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u5F0F\u3067\u306F\u30D4\u30EA\u30AA\u30C9\u3092\u6253\u305F\u305A PhD \u3068\u3082\u8868\u8A18\u3059\u308B\u304C\u3001\u540C\u3058\u30A4\u30AE\u30EA\u30B9\u3067\u3082\u30AA\u30C3\u30AF\u30B9\u30D5\u30A9\u30FC\u30C9\u5927\u5B66\u3001\u30B5\u30BB\u30C3\u30AF\u30B9\u5927\u5B66\u3001\u30E8\u30FC\u30AF\u5927\u5B66\u306A\u3069\u3067\u306F\u82F1\u8A9E\u8868\u8A18\u306E\u7565\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305F D.Phil. \u3068\u8868\u8A18\u3059\u308B\u3002\u3044\u305A\u308C\u306E\u5834\u5408\u3082 Ph. D. \u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u30B9\u30DA\u30FC\u30B9\u3092\u7A7A\u3051\u305F\u308A Ph.D \u306E\u3088\u3046\u306B\u6700\u5F8C\u306E\u30D4\u30EA\u30AA\u30C9\u3092\u7701\u7565\u3057\u305F\u308A\u306F\u3057\u306A\u3044\u3002"@ja . "McGill University graduates wearing doctoral robes"@en . . . "Doktoro de Filozofio (mallongigo Ph.D. de la latina Philosophiae Doctor) estas la plej altnivela akademia grado, alju\u011Data pro kompletigo de scienca (akademia) laboro. Kvankam dekomence \u011Di estis alju\u011Data nur en filozofio, nun ekzistaj doktoraj gradoj en \u0109iuj sciencoj."@eo . . . . "Doktor Filsafat"@in . . . . "En el sistema universitari angl\u00E8s, el Philosophi\u00E6 doctor (literalment 'doctor en filosofia' en llat\u00ED; abreujat PhD, Ph. D. o DPhil) \u00E9s un diploma d\u2019especialitat en recerca en \u00E0rees tan diverses com les ci\u00E8ncies socials i econ\u00F2miques; \u00E0rees cient\u00EDfiques, m\u00E8diques o de les humanitats. El terme philosophy s'utilitza amb la mateixa freq\u00FC\u00E8ncia amb la qual s'usava i difonia abans del segle xx a les universitats alemanyes, i en designa l'amor i l'estudi general de coneixements, segons resa l'etimologia de la paraula."@ca . . . . . . . . . "Dottorato di ricerca"@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Doctor en Filosof\u00EDa"@es . "1123707253"^^ . . . . . . . "Ph.D."@de . . . . . . . . . "2.524608E8"^^ . . . "Doctor of Philosophy (afkorting: PhD (Brits) of Ph.D. (Amerikaans), Latijn: Philosophi\u00E6 Doctor) is een Anglo-Amerikaanse variant op de academische titel doctor. Het is in veel landen de hoogste academische graad.Philosophy omvat hier de bredere en originele betekenis van het Oudgriekse woord \"philosophia\" (\u03C6\u03B9\u03BB\u03BF\u03C3\u03BF\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1), wat letterlijk betekent \"liefde voor wijsheid\" en later alle vakken betrof die voortkwamen uit de (natuur)filosofie. In Oxford heet een PhD ook wel een DPhil. De graad van PhD kan alleen verkregen worden door het verrichten van onderzoek en het verdedigen van een hierop gebaseerde thesis, vergelijkbaar met de doctoraat thesis op basis van promotieonderzoek in Nederland en Belgi\u00EB. Anders dan in deze twee landen is het voor de Angelsaksische PhD niet nodig een openbaar boek of wetenschappelijke artikelen te publiceren: die kan zich beperken tot een interne scriptie met besloten examen. Het gebruik van de aanduiding PhD is al langere tijd niet ongewoon onder wetenschappers in Nederland en Belgi\u00EB omdat deze leidt tot betere herkenning buiten deze landen. PhD is sinds januari 2021 ook een Nederlandse graad en titel die wettelijk met de titel doctor en graad Doctor is gelijkgesteld. Sinds 2021 mag een gepromoveerde kiezen tussen het voeren van de traditionele titel dr. voor de naam dan wel de titel PhD achter de naam. De Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs kan namens de minister van onderwijs toestemming verlenen tot het voeren van de Nederlandse titel doctor (dr.) op basis van een in het buitenland verkregen PhD graad, dit op grond van art. 7.23a lid 3 van de WHW. In Vlaanderen is de titel PhD al sinds 2013 gelijkgesteld aan de titel doctor: wie in Vlaanderen is gepromoveerd mag naar keuze een van beide titels voeren; wie in een ander land is gepromoveerd mag de titel voeren volgens de regels van het land waar de graad is verleend, met toevoeging van de naam van de universiteit die de graad heeft verleend Voor de aanduiding van een promovendus of doctoraatstudent (Belgi\u00EB) is door deze ontwikkelingen de term 'PhD student' gebruikelijker geworden."@nl . . "Doktor (\u0142ac. doctor = nauczyciel, mistrz; w skr\u00F3cie: dr) \u2013 stopie\u0144 naukowy nadawany przez jednostki naukowe (uniwersytety lub ich wydzia\u0142y, instytuty itp.) osobom, kt\u00F3re obroni\u0142y swoje rozprawy doktorskie. W Polsce stopie\u0144 doktora mo\u017Ce by\u0107 stopniem naukowym lub stopniem w zakresie sztuki. W r\u00F3\u017Cnych krajach stosowane jest r\u00F3\u017Cne nazewnictwo tego stopnia, a tak\u017Ce mo\u017Ce mie\u0107 on r\u00F3\u017Cne znaczenia, co mo\u017Ce prowadzi\u0107 do nieporozumie\u0144. R\u00F3\u017Cnice wyst\u0119puj\u0105 zw\u0142aszcza pomi\u0119dzy Europ\u0105 kontynentaln\u0105 a Wielk\u0105 Brytani\u0105 i USA."@pl . . . . . "Um Doutor, abreviado nos pa\u00EDses angl\u00F3fonos como PhD, Ph.D., DPhil ou D.Phil. (do Latim philosophiae doctor ou doctor philosophiae), \u00E9 um t\u00EDtulo fornecido pelas universidades reconhecido como grau terminal nos pa\u00EDses de l\u00EDngua inglesa. Os indiv\u00EDduos que obt\u00E9m o PhD podem usar o t\u00EDtulo de \"doutor\", em geral abreviado para Dr.. Aqueles que lecionam ou trabalham em ambientes acad\u00EAmicos, de pesquisa ou educacionais geralmente usam o t\u00EDtulo como forma de reconhecimento e respeito."@pt . . . . . . . . "Appears to be conflating time to move through degrees in the U.S. and issues of training within PhDs in Germany and the U.K."@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Der Ph.D. [pi\u02D0\u203Fe\u026At\u0283 di\u02D0] (auch PhD, englisch Doctor of Philosophy, neulateinisch philosophiae doctor) ist in englischsprachigen L\u00E4ndern der wissenschaftliche Doktorgrad in fast allen F\u00E4chern und der h\u00F6chste Abschluss des Postgraduiertenstudiums. In diesen L\u00E4ndern ist der Ph.D.-Abschluss in aller Regel mit der Berechtigung verbunden, an einer Universit\u00E4t selbstst\u00E4ndig und alleinverantwortlich zu lehren. Im Rahmen des Bologna-Prozesses wurden 2005 in Bergen Promotionsstudieng\u00E4nge (Graduiertenschulen) bekr\u00E4ftigt, die bereits in einigen deutschen Landeshochschulgesetzen verankert sind und so auch an deutschen Universit\u00E4ten zum Ph.D. als akademischem Grad f\u00FChren."@de . . . . . . . . . . "Doktor (stopie\u0144 naukowy)"@pl . . . "PhD"@en . . . . . . "Doctor of Philosophy (afkorting: PhD (Brits) of Ph.D. (Amerikaans), Latijn: Philosophi\u00E6 Doctor) is een Anglo-Amerikaanse variant op de academische titel doctor. Het is in veel landen de hoogste academische graad.Philosophy omvat hier de bredere en originele betekenis van het Oudgriekse woord \"philosophia\" (\u03C6\u03B9\u03BB\u03BF\u03C3\u03BF\u03C6\u03AF\u03B1), wat letterlijk betekent \"liefde voor wijsheid\" en later alle vakken betrof die voortkwamen uit de (natuur)filosofie. In Oxford heet een PhD ook wel een DPhil."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Il dottorato di ricerca \u00E8 il massimo titolo di studio in molti Paesi del mondo e ha come principale finalit\u00E0 quella di formare alla ricerca di alto livello e all'insegnamento universitario."@it . . "\u062F\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629: Philosophiae Doctor)\u200F \u0648\u062A\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u062E\u062A\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0628 PhD \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062D\u0631\u0641\u064A \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u00AB\u062F\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u00BB. \u062A\u064F\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062F\u0629 \u0641\u064A \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062C\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064A\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062F\u064A\u0629 \u062A\u062D\u062A \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0643\u062A\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062D \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062F \u0627\u0646\u062A\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u061B \u0641\u064A\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062F \u062A\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u062B\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062A\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062F\u0627\u062E\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062C\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064A\u0629\u060C \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064A\u0634\u064A\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062F\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . . . . "Philosophi\u00E6 doctor"@ca . . . . . . . "\u54F2\u5B78\u535A\u58EB\uFF08\u62C9\u4E01\u8A9E\uFF1APhilosophi\u00E6 Doctor\uFF0C\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1ADoctor of Philosophy\uFF0C\u7C21\u7A31\uFF1APhD\u3001Ph.D.\u6216D.Phil.\uFF0C\u53C8\u8B6F\u7814\u7A76\u535A\u58EB\uFF09\u82F1\u8A9E\uFF1APhilosophy\u6E90\u4E8E\u5E0C\u814A\u8BED\uFF0C\u610F\u601D\u4E3A\u5BF9\u667A\u6167\u7684\u7231\u2018Love of Wisdom\u2019\uFF0C\u4E5F\u5C31\u662F\u5BF9\u667A\u6167\u7684\u8FFD\u6C42\u3002\u662F\u82F1\u7F8E\u6559\u80B2\u4F20\u7EDF\u4E2D\u7684\u5404\u56FD\uFF0C\u5176\u5927\u5B66\u53EF\u4EE5\u6388\u4E88\u7684\u6700\u9AD8\u5B66\u4F4D\uFF0C\u5DF2\u5B8C\u6210\u535A\u58EB\u9636\u6BB5\u8BFE\u7A0B\u4F46\u5C1A\u672A\u5B8C\u6210\u8BBA\u6587\u7684\u535A\u58EB\u751F\u53C8\u79F0\u4E3A\u201C\u535A\u58EB\u5019\u9009\u4EBA\u201D\uFF08Ph.D. candidate\uFF09\u3002\u5404\u4E13\u4E1A\u5B8C\u6210\u535A\u58EB\u8BFE\u7A0B\u4E0E\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u90FD\u6709\u53EF\u80FD\u83B7\u5F97\u54F2\u5B66\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u3002\u4F5C\u4E3A\u4E00\u79CD\u7814\u7A76\u578B\u5B66\u4F4D\uFF0C\u5E0C\u671B\u83B7\u5F97\u5B66\u4F4D\u7684\u535A\u58EB\u751F\u9700\u8981\u4F5C\u51FA\u6709\u72EC\u521B\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7A76\uFF0C\u5E76\u5C06\u7814\u7A76\u7ED3\u679C\u5199\u6210\u8BBA\u6587\u3001\u901A\u8FC7\u8BBA\u6587\u7B54\u8FA9\u65B9\u53EF\u83B7\u5F97\u54F2\u5B66\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u3002\u5728\u4E00\u4E9B\u82F1\u8BED\u56FD\u5BB6\uFF0C\u53D6\u5F97\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u8005\u53EF\u6839\u636E\u81EA\u8EAB\u504F\u597D\uFF0C\u5C06\u201CDr.\u201D\uFF08\u535A\u58EB\uFF09\u653E\u5728\u81EA\u5DF1\u7684\u540D\u5B57\u4E4B\u524D\u6216\u5728\u540D\u5B57\u540E\u63A5\u201CPh.D.\u201D\u3002\u5BF9\u8BB8\u591A\u5B66\u79D1\u9886\u57DF\u6765\u8BF4\uFF0C\u53D6\u5F97\u54F2\u5B66\u535A\u58EB\u5B66\u4F4D\u662F\u83B7\u5F97\u5927\u5B66\u6559\u804C\u6216\u6210\u4E3A\u7814\u7A76\u8005\u7684\u57FA\u672C\u6761\u4EF6\u3002"@zh . . . . "Doktor filsafat (bahasa Inggris: Doctor of Philosophy) yang populer disingkat Ph.D atau Ph.D. merupakan gelar akademik tertinggi pada banyak bidang keilmuan. Istilah filsafat pada gelar akademik ini tidak bermakna doktor di bidang keilmuan filsafat, melainkan sebagai gelar penghormatan dalam tingkat kebijaksanaan (philosophia:love of wisdom) pada suatu bidang keilmuan selain bidang teologi, hukum dan medis. Istilah PhD sering merujuk pada sebutan profesor universitas. Gelar PhD yang diterapkan di berbagai negara setara dengan gelar doktor di Indonesia. Kriteria dan persyaratan untuk meraih gelar ini dapat beragam di setiap negara, universitas dan fakultas yang menguji calon akademisi."@in . "DPhil"@en . "A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae) is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may, in many jurisdictions, use the title Doctor (often abbreviated \"Dr\" or \"Dr.\") with t"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u54F2\u5B78\u535A\u58EB"@zh . . . . . . . . "A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae) is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields. Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may, in many jurisdictions, use the title Doctor (often abbreviated \"Dr\" or \"Dr.\") with their name, although the proper etiquette associated with this usage may also be subject to the professional ethics of their own scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title \"professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation.\" Alternatively, holders may use post-nominal letters such as \"Ph.D.\", \"PhD\", or \"DPhil\" (depending on the awarding institution). It is, however, considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals at the same time. The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student; a student who has completed all their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions or may be granted a master's degree en route to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as \"PhD ABD,\" meaning \"all but dissertation.\" A PhD candidate must submit a project, thesis, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Universities sometimes award other types of doctorate besides the PhD, such as the Doctor of Musical Arts (D.M.A.) for music performers, Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) for legal scholars and the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) for studies in education. In 2005 the European University Association defined the \"Salzburg Principles,\" 10 basic principles for third-cycle degrees (doctorates) within the Bologna Process. These were followed in 2016 by the \"Florence Principles,\" seven basic principles for doctorates in the arts laid out by the European League of Institutes of the Arts, which have been endorsed by the European Association of Conservatoires, the International Association of Film and Television Schools, the International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media, and the Society for Artistic Research. In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term \"philosophy\" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is \"love of wisdom\". In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy, social sciences, mathematics, and natural philosophy/sciences) other than theology, law, and medicine (the so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of liberal arts was known as the \"faculty of philosophy\"."@en . . . . . "Is ionann c\u00E9im docht\u00FAra (n\u00F3 c\u00E9im docht\u00FAireachta), a scr\u00EDobhtar de ghn\u00E1th mar Ph.D., n\u00F3 PhD, D.Phil n\u00F3 mar DPhil i dt\u00EDortha an Bh\u00E9arla, agus c\u00E9im iarch\u00E9ime a bhronnann ollscoileanna."@ga . . . .