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| - نورمان شيبرد (بالإنجليزية: Norman Shepherd) هو عالم عقيدة أمريكي، ولد في 1933. (ar)
- Norman Shepherd (born 1933) is an American theologian who served as associate professor of systematic theology at Westminster Theological Seminary from 1963 to 1981. Shepherd had a number of views that were criticized as being contrary to the Westminster Standards, and this led him to be dismissed from his post at Westminster. First and foremost, Shepherd was found to have taught students in the classroom that Justification was by the twofold instrument of faith and good works. This directly contradicted one of the two foundational Christian truths recovered during the Protestant Reformation—and a doctrine that is considered by Protestants to be the heart of the Gospel—that Justification is by faith alone or Sola Fide. It also violated Shepherd's pledge not to teach anything that contradic (en)
- 노만 셰퍼드 (Norman Shepherd , 1933년 - )는 미국 신학자로 1963년부터 1981년까지 웨스트민스터 신학교(Westminster Theological Seminary)의 조직신학 교수로 재직했다.그는 웨스트민스터 신앙고백서와 대조적인 여러견해들로 인해 학교로부터 해임되었다. 첫번째 셰퍼드는 복음주의는 전도자들이 "그리스도는 당신을 구원하기 위해서 죽으셨다."라는 것을 주장하는 선택교리보다는 오히려 마음으로 언약교리를 가지고 전도해야 한다고 주장하였다. 이것이 제한속죄를 거부하는 것이라고 비판을 받았다. 두번째는 셰퍼드는 기독교인들은 "순종하는 믿음"에 의해서 의로워진다는 것인데 이 문구가 오직믿음으로만이라는 교리를 거부하는 것으로 비판을 받았다.1976년 5월 4일 웨스트민스터 신학교 교수진들은 셰퍼드에게 오직믿음으로만 의로워지는 교리에 대한 그의 견해를 설명하는 진술서를 요구하였는데 이는 이 주제에 관한 그의 가르침이 웨스트민스터 신앙고백서와 일치하지 않는 것에 대한 염려가 있었기 때문이었다. 셰퍼드의 견해에 대한 논쟁은 신학교에서부터 전체 개혁신학 공동체 전체로 확산되었다. 셰퍼드는 그의 견해를 조사받는 동안 교수진들과 이사진들에 의해서 반복적으로 잘못이 없다고 판정받았다. 그러나 1981년 11월 21일 이사회는 그의 교직을 해고하였고 논쟁을 학교로부터 떨치기를 바랬다. 2012년 기념논문집(Obedient Faith: A Festschrift for Norman Shepherd)을 출판하였는데 James B. Jordan, Peter Leithart, Andrew Sandlin, (ko)
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| - نورمان شيبرد (بالإنجليزية: Norman Shepherd) هو عالم عقيدة أمريكي، ولد في 1933. (ar)
- Norman Shepherd (born 1933) is an American theologian who served as associate professor of systematic theology at Westminster Theological Seminary from 1963 to 1981. Shepherd had a number of views that were criticized as being contrary to the Westminster Standards, and this led him to be dismissed from his post at Westminster. First and foremost, Shepherd was found to have taught students in the classroom that Justification was by the twofold instrument of faith and good works. This directly contradicted one of the two foundational Christian truths recovered during the Protestant Reformation—and a doctrine that is considered by Protestants to be the heart of the Gospel—that Justification is by faith alone or Sola Fide. It also violated Shepherd's pledge not to teach anything that contradicted the doctrinal standards of the seminary. In the seven-year dispute within the seminary community, which ultimately culminated in Shepherd's dismissal, Shepherd backed away from explicitly saying that faith and works were co-instrumental in Justification, but, despite changes in terminology, maintained the substance of his teaching on Justification. Shepherd argued that evangelism should be carried out with covenant in mind rather than election, which will lead the evangelist to say to people, "Christ died to save you." This was criticized as being a denial of limited atonement. Shepherd spoke of Christians being justified by "obedient faith," a phrase that was criticized as denying justification by faith alone. Shepherd also taught that a person may "pass from an elect and justified status to a non-elect and non-justified status." In other words, he taught that a person could lose his or her salvation. This contradicted the Reformed teaching of the eternal security of the believer and the doctrine of the perseverance of the saints, articulated in the Synod of Dort. On May 4, 1976, the faculty of Westminster Theological Seminary requested that Shepherd produce a written statement detailing his view of the doctrine of justification sola fide, due to concerns that his teaching on the subject might be out of accord with the Westminster Standards. The controversy over Shepherd's views gradually spread from the seminary to the broader Reformed theological community. Shepherd was repeatedly exonerated by the faculty and board of trustees during their investigation of his views. On November 21, 1981, the board of trustees dismissed Shepherd from his teaching post, expressing a desire to distance the seminary from the intensity and longevity of the controversy. Jelle Faber, Principal of the Canadian Reformed Theological Seminary, compared Shepherd's dismissal to that of Klaas Schilder, and noted that Shepherd was in agreement with Francis Turretin. Faber also wrote at the time that Westminster had "lost an eminent Reformed dogmatician." However, Martyn Lloyd-Jones, referring to Shepherd's teaching on Justification, commented, "to teach this to students is tragically wrong." William Hendriksen said, "As I see it, we must choose between Shepherd's view and that of Paul...What Shepherd offers looks like a kind of compromise between Catholicism and Protestantism, a compromise that will never satisfy either party...as I personally see it, his view should not be allowed to be taught at Westminster Seminary." Shepherd's views were also controversial in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, the denomination in which he was a minister. Shepherd left the OPC and became a minister in the Christian Reformed Church in North America. In 2001, Shepherd published a book, The Call of Grace, which contained the substance of the teachings that led to his dismissal from Westminster Theological Seminary. In 2012, a Festschrift was published in his honor. Obedient Faith: A Festschrift for Norman Shepherd included contributions from James B. Jordan, Peter Leithart, Andrew Sandlin, and Rich Lusk. (en)
- 노만 셰퍼드 (Norman Shepherd , 1933년 - )는 미국 신학자로 1963년부터 1981년까지 웨스트민스터 신학교(Westminster Theological Seminary)의 조직신학 교수로 재직했다.그는 웨스트민스터 신앙고백서와 대조적인 여러견해들로 인해 학교로부터 해임되었다. 첫번째 셰퍼드는 복음주의는 전도자들이 "그리스도는 당신을 구원하기 위해서 죽으셨다."라는 것을 주장하는 선택교리보다는 오히려 마음으로 언약교리를 가지고 전도해야 한다고 주장하였다. 이것이 제한속죄를 거부하는 것이라고 비판을 받았다. 두번째는 셰퍼드는 기독교인들은 "순종하는 믿음"에 의해서 의로워진다는 것인데 이 문구가 오직믿음으로만이라는 교리를 거부하는 것으로 비판을 받았다.1976년 5월 4일 웨스트민스터 신학교 교수진들은 셰퍼드에게 오직믿음으로만 의로워지는 교리에 대한 그의 견해를 설명하는 진술서를 요구하였는데 이는 이 주제에 관한 그의 가르침이 웨스트민스터 신앙고백서와 일치하지 않는 것에 대한 염려가 있었기 때문이었다. 셰퍼드의 견해에 대한 논쟁은 신학교에서부터 전체 개혁신학 공동체 전체로 확산되었다. 셰퍼드는 그의 견해를 조사받는 동안 교수진들과 이사진들에 의해서 반복적으로 잘못이 없다고 판정받았다. 그러나 1981년 11월 21일 이사회는 그의 교직을 해고하였고 논쟁을 학교로부터 떨치기를 바랬다. 2012년 기념논문집(Obedient Faith: A Festschrift for Norman Shepherd)을 출판하였는데 James B. Jordan, Peter Leithart, Andrew Sandlin, 그리고 Rich Lusk와 같은 많은 학자들이 참여하였다. (ko)
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