About: History of psychosurgery in the United Kingdom

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Psychosurgery is a surgical operation that destroys brain tissue in order to alleviate the symptoms of mental disorder. The lesions are usually, but not always, made in the frontal lobes. Tissue may be destroyed by cutting, burning, freezing, electric current or radiation. The first systematic attempt at psychosurgery is commonly attributed to the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt who operated on six patients in 1888. In 1889 Thomas Claye Shaw reported mental improvement in a case of General Paralysis of the Insane after a neurosurgical intervention. This led to a lively debate in the British Medical Journal on the usefulness of neurosurgery for the treatment of insanity. In the 1930s the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz developed a surgical technique for the treatment of mental illn

Attributes	Values
rdf:type	military conflict
rdfs:label	History of psychosurgery in the United Kingdom (en)
rdfs:comment	Psychosurgery is a surgical operation that destroys brain tissue in order to alleviate the symptoms of mental disorder. The lesions are usually, but not always, made in the frontal lobes. Tissue may be destroyed by cutting, burning, freezing, electric current or radiation. The first systematic attempt at psychosurgery is commonly attributed to the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt who operated on six patients in 1888. In 1889 Thomas Claye Shaw reported mental improvement in a case of General Paralysis of the Insane after a neurosurgical intervention. This led to a lively debate in the British Medical Journal on the usefulness of neurosurgery for the treatment of insanity. In the 1930s the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz developed a surgical technique for the treatment of mental illn (en)
dcterms:subject	History of surgery Psychiatry in the United Kingdom Lobotomy History of human subject research History of mental health in the United Kingdom History of psychiatry
Wikipage page ID	16036540 (xsd:integer)
Wikipage revision ID	1119595206 (xsd:integer)
Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage	Scotland Mental Health Act 1983 Barnwood House Hospital Bexley Hospital History of surgery Psychiatry in the United Kingdom Lobotomy Josef Hassid United Kingdom Internal capsule Psychosurgery History of human subject research Runwell Hospital History of mental health in the United Kingdom Egas Moniz England Frenchay Hospital Frontal lobe Gloucester Gottlieb Burckhardt Graylingwell Hospital Lena Zavaroni Lobotomy St Lawrence's Hospital, Caterham Bristol History of psychiatry Tone Vale Hospital Walter Jackson Freeman II Warlingham Park Hospital Dundee Amarro Fiamberti Eric Cunningham Dax Ninewells Hospital Nobel Prize North Wales Hospital History of electroconvulsive therapy in the United Kingdom Obsessive–compulsive disorder Randolph Stewart, 13th Earl of Galloway James W. Watts St Andrew's Hospital Napsbury Hospital Netherne Hospital MHAC Wylie McKissock William Sargant Ronald Senator William Beecher Scoville Cingulotomy Rampton Hospital Walter Freeman (neurologist) Brain tissue Burden Neurological Institute
sameAs	History of psychosurgery in the United Kingdom History of psychosurgery in the United Kingdom History of psychosurgery in the United Kingdom
dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate	dbt:Main dbt:Portal dbt:Reflist dbt:Use_dmy_dates
has abstract	Psychosurgery is a surgical operation that destroys brain tissue in order to alleviate the symptoms of mental disorder. The lesions are usually, but not always, made in the frontal lobes. Tissue may be destroyed by cutting, burning, freezing, electric current or radiation. The first systematic attempt at psychosurgery is commonly attributed to the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt who operated on six patients in 1888. In 1889 Thomas Claye Shaw reported mental improvement in a case of General Paralysis of the Insane after a neurosurgical intervention. This led to a lively debate in the British Medical Journal on the usefulness of neurosurgery for the treatment of insanity. In the 1930s the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz developed a surgical technique for the treatment of mental illness and called it "leucotomy" or "psychosurgery". Moniz' technique was adapted and promoted by American neurologist Walter Freeman and his neurosurgeon colleague James W. Watts. They called their operation, where burr holes are drilled in the side of the skull and the white matter is sliced through in order to sever the connections between the frontal lobes and deeper structures in the brain, lobotomy. In the United Kingdom it became known as the standard Freeman-Watts prefrontal leucotomy. British psychiatrist William Sargant met Freeman on a visit to the United States and on his return to England encouraged doctors at the Burden Neurological Institute in Bristol to instigate a programme of psychosurgery. The first British psychosurgical operation was performed in Bristol in December 1940, and by the end of 1944 about 1,000 operations had been carried out in the United Kingdom. By 1954 that figure had risen to about 12,000 with use peaking in 1949. Beginning in the 1940s doctors devised "modified operations" with less extensive cuts or more specific targets (for example, rostral leucotomy and cingulotomy) in an attempt to reduce the damage done by the surgery. During the 1950s the number of operations declined by more than half, in spite of the fact that Moniz had received a Nobel Prize for psychosurgery in 1949. Reasons for this decline included increasing concern about the deaths and damage caused by the operation, the introduction of neuroleptic drugs, and changing ideas about the nature and treatment of mental illness. By the mid-1970s the use of psychosurgery had declined still further to about 100–150 operations a year, and nearly all were of the modified type. The Mental Health Act 1983 specified that psychosurgery could only be carried out on consenting patients, and then only with the approval of the Mental Health Act Commission. The decline in psychosurgery has continued to 2007, with the latest figures from the Mental Health Act Commission showing that 5 operations were authorised in Wales in the 2-year period 2005–2007. A few operations every year are also performed in Dundee, Scotland. No psychosurgical operations were performed in England between 1999 and 2009; one operation was performed in 2010 in Bristol. In total, over 20,000 people have undergone psychosurgical operations in the United Kingdom. Women have outnumbered men (by about three to two in the early days, and by even more in recent years). The vast majority of operations have been carried out on young and middle-aged adults, although some older people and, in the past, a very small number of children and teenagers have been operated on. Nowadays the operation is used in the treatment of depression, anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorder. In the past it was also used in the treatment of schizophrenia and a wide variety of other disorders; some patients had been in a mental hospital for years before operation, others only briefly or not at all. (en)
gold:hypernym	Operation
prov:wasDerivedFrom	wikipedia-en:History_of_psychosurgery_in_the_United_Kingdom?oldid=1119595206&ns=0
page length (characters) of wiki page	37935 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf	wikipedia-en:History_of_psychosurgery_in_the_United_Kingdom
is Link from a Wikipage to another Wikipage of	Barnwood House Hospital Bilateral cingulotomy Psychosurgery Lobotomy Warlingham Park Hospital Outline of the United Kingdom History of psychosurgery St Augustine's Hospital, Chartham Wylie McKissock William Sargant Outline of abnormal psychology Subcaudate tractotomy
is Wikipage redirect of	Subcaudate tractotomy
is foaf:primaryTopic of	wikipedia-en:History_of_psychosurgery_in_the_United_Kingdom

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