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An earmark is a provision inserted into a discretionary spending appropriations bill that directs funds to a specific recipient while circumventing the merit-based or competitive funds allocation process. Earmarks feature in United States Congress spending policy, and they are present in public finance of many other countries as a form of political particularism.

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  • Earmark (politics) (en)
  • 特殊专款 (zh)
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  • An earmark is a provision inserted into a discretionary spending appropriations bill that directs funds to a specific recipient while circumventing the merit-based or competitive funds allocation process. Earmarks feature in United States Congress spending policy, and they are present in public finance of many other countries as a form of political particularism. (en)
  • 特殊专款英文叫作earmark,翻译成中文是“耳朵上的记号”。最初,这是一个农业术语。农夫在自己家禽的耳朵上打上印记,以表明对家禽的所有权。这个说法后来延伸为美国国会议员在中插入的提案,即在联邦预算之外加入特别开支项目,以便为本选区一些特殊项目争取。由于联邦拨款是众人争夺的一块肥肉。因此,特殊专款又被称为“猪肉桶”。 根据目前的特殊专款程序,提案上必须注明申请特殊专款的议员以及接受方的名字。但是,由于这个程序越过了通常由联邦机构执行的竞争性招标,因此被批评人士指责为助长了幕后政治交易。 (zh)
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