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Affirmative action in the United States is a set of laws, policies, guidelines, and administrative practices "intended to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination" that include government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs. The programs tend to focus on access to education and employment, granting special consideration to historically excluded groups, specifically racial minorities or women. The impetus toward affirmative action is redressing the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.

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  • Affirmative action in the United States (en)
  • Acción afirmativa en Estados Unidos (es)
  • Discrimination positive aux États-Unis (fr)
  • 美国的平权法案 (zh)
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  • La discrimination positive aux États-Unis (en anglais : affirmative action) est mise en place lors de la lutte pour les droits civiques et l'abolition de la ségrégation raciale. (fr)
  • Affirmative action in the United States is a set of laws, policies, guidelines, and administrative practices "intended to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination" that include government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs. The programs tend to focus on access to education and employment, granting special consideration to historically excluded groups, specifically racial minorities or women. The impetus toward affirmative action is redressing the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve. (en)
  • En Estados Unidos, la discriminación positiva (en inglés: affirmative action) hace referencia al conjunto de medidas de igualdad de oportunidades en el empleo que contratistas y subcontratistas federales están legalmente obligados a adoptar. (es)
  • 美国的平权法案是一套法律、政策、指导方针和行政惯例,“旨在终止和纠正特定形式歧视的影响”,其中包括政府授权、政府批准和自愿行动的私人运动。这些法案往往侧重于获得教育和就业机会,特别考虑历史上被排斥的群体,特别是少数族裔或妇女。采取平权法案的动力是纠正与过去和现在的歧视有关的不利条款。进一步的动力是希望确保公共机构,如大学、医院和警察部队,能够更好地代表他们所服务的人群。 在美国,平权法案包括种族配额的采用,直到最高法院质疑其配额是否合宪且是否非法利用种族政策。平权法案目前重点强调的不是具体的配额,而是强调“有针对性的目标”,通过“真诚的努力...确定、甄选和培训具有潜在资格的少数族裔和妇女。”例如,许多高等教育机构自愿采取政策,设法增加少数族裔的招收数量。扩招活动、定向招聘、雇员和发展管理、员工支持计划都是就业平权行动的例子。美国有10个州曾经禁止过平权行动:爱达荷州(2020年)、加利福尼亚州(1996年)、得克萨斯州(1996年)、华盛顿州(1998年)、佛罗里达州(1999年)、密歇根州(2006年)、内布拉斯加州(2008年)、亚利桑那州(2010年)、新罕布什尔州(2012年)和俄克拉荷马州(2012年)。然而,2003年,格鲁特诉布林格案件推翻了德克萨斯州在霍普伍德诉德克萨斯案件后出现的禁令,剩下9个州目前禁止这项政策。 (zh)
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